1. Lichtiger S, Present DH, Kornbluth A, et al. Cyclosporine in severe ulcerative colitis refractory to steroid therapy. N Engl J Med 1994;330:1841-1845.PMID:
8196726.
2. Kino T, Hatanaka H, Miyata S, et al. FK-506, a novel immunosuppressant isolated from a
Streptomyces. II. Immunosuppressive effect of FK-506
in vitro. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 1987;40:1256-1265.PMID:
2445722.
3. Hirano T, Akashi T, Kido T, Oka K, Shiratori T, Miyaoka M. Immunosuppressant pharmacodynamics on peripheral-blood mononuclear cells from patients with ulcerative colitis. Int Immunopharmacol 2002;2:1055-1063.PMID:
12349943.
4. Fellermann K, Ludwig D, Stahl M, David-Walek T, Stange EF. Steroid-unresponsive acute attacks of inflammatory bowel disease: immunomodulation by tacrolimus (FK506). Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1860-1866.PMID:
9772045.
5. Ogata H, Matsui T, Nakamura M, et al. A randomised dose finding study of oral tacrolimus (FK506) therapy in refractory ulcerative colitis. Gut 2006;55:1255-1262.PMID:
16484504.
6. Ogata H, Kato J, Hirai F, et al. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral tacrolimus (FK506) in the management of hospitalized patients with steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012;18:803-808.PMID:
21887732.
7. Fellermann K, Tanko Z, Herrlinger KR, et al. Response of refractory colitis to intravenous or oral tacrolimus (FK506). Inflamm Bowel Dis 2002;8:317-324.PMID:
12479646.
8. Högenauer C, Wenzl HH, Hinterleitner TA, Petritsch W. Effect of oral tacrolimus (FK 506) on steroid-refractory moderate/severe ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;18:415-423.PMID:
12940927.
9. Baumgart DC, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU. Rescue therapy with tacrolimus is effective in patients with severe and refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003;17:1273-1281.PMID:
12755840.
10. Baumgart DC, Pintoffl JP, Sturm A, Wiedenmann B, Dignass AU. Tacrolimus is safe and effective in patients with severe steroid-refractory or steroid-dependent inflammatory bowel disease-a long-term follow-up. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:1048-1056.PMID:
16573777.
11. Ng SC, Arebi N, Kamm MA. Medium-term results of oral tacrolimus treatment in refractory inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2007;13:129-134.PMID:
17206694.
12. Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Mikami S, et al. Long-term effect of tacrolimus therapy in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:589-597.PMID:
18549460.
13. Benson A, Barrett T, Sparberg M, Buchman AL. Efficacy and safety of tacrolimus in refractory ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease: a single-center experience. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:7-12.PMID:
17879277.
14. Herrlinger KR, Koc H, Winter S, et al.
ABCB1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms determine tacrolimus response in patients with ulcerative colitis. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011;89:422-428.PMID:
21289623.
15. Schmidt KJ, Herrlinger KR, Emmrich J, et al. Short-term efficacy of tacrolimus in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis - experience in 130 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;37:129-136.PMID:
23121200.
16. Thin LW, Murray K, Lawrance IC. Oral tacrolimus for the treatment of refractory inflammatory bowel disease in the biologic era. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2013;19:1490-1498.PMID:
23615528.
18. Landy J, Wahed M, Peake ST, et al. Oral tacrolimus as maintenance therapy for refractory ulcerative colitis-an analysis of outcomes in two London tertiary centres. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7:e516-e521.PMID:
23623737.
19. Hirai F, Takatsu N, Yano Y, et al. Impact of CYP3A5 genetic polymorphisms on the pharmacokinetics and short-term remission in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with tacrolimus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:60-66.PMID:
24033383.
20. Kawakami K, Inoue T, Murano M, et al. Effects of oral tacrolimus as a rapid induction therapy in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:1880-1886.PMID:
25684955.
21. Ikeya K, Sugimoto K, Kawasaki S, et al. Tacrolimus for remission induction in ulcerative colitis: Mayo endoscopic subscore 0 and 1 predict long-term prognosis. Dig Liver Dis 2015;47:365-371.PMID:
25682993.
22. Miyoshi J, Matsuoka K, Inoue N, et al. Mucosal healing with oral tacrolimus is associated with favorable medium- and long-term prognosis in steroid-refractory/dependent ulcerative colitis patients. J Crohns Colitis 2013;7:e609-e614.PMID:
23680174.
23. Watson S, Pensabene L, Mitchell P, Bousvaros A. Outcomes and adverse events in children and young adults undergoing tacrolimus therapy for steroid-refractory colitis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2011;17:22-29.PMID:
20722055.
24. Bousvaros A, Kirschner BS, Werlin SL, et al. Oral tacrolimus treatment of severe colitis in children. J Pediatr 2000;137:794-799.PMID:
11113835.
25. Ziring DA, Wu SS, Mow WS, Martín MG, Mehra M, Ament ME. Oral tacrolimus for steroid-dependent and steroid-resistant ulcerative colitis in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2007;45:306-311.PMID:
17873742.
26. Boschetti G, Nancey S, Moussata D, et al. Tacrolimus induction followed by maintenance monotherapy is useful in selected patients with moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis refractory to prior treatment. Dig Liver Dis 2014;46:875-880.PMID:
25023007.
27. Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Matsuura M, Masuda S, Inui K, Chiba T. Tacrolimus therapy as an alternative to thiopurines for maintaining remission in patients with refractory ulcerative colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 2011;45:526-530.PMID:
21336140.
28. Rutgeerts P, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, et al. Infliximab for induction and maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis. N Engl J Med 2005;353:2462-2476.PMID:
16339095.
29. Reinisch W, Sandborn WJ, Hommes DW, et al. Adalimumab for induction of clinical remission in moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis: results of a randomised controlled trial. Gut 2011;60:780-787.PMID:
21209123.
30. Laharie D, Bourreille A, Branche J, et al. Ciclosporin versus infliximab in patients with severe ulcerative colitis refractory to intravenous steroids: a parallel, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012;380:1909-1915.PMID:
23063316.
31. Naves JE, Llaó J, Ruiz-Cerulla A, et al. Long-term comparative efficacy of cyclosporine- or infliximab-based strategies for the management of steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis attacks. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014;20:1375-1381.PMID:
25046008.
32. Croft A, Walsh A, Doecke J, Cooley R, Howlett M, Radford-Smith G. Outcomes of salvage therapy for steroid-refractory acute severe ulcerative colitis: ciclosporin vs. infliximab. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2013;38:294-302.PMID:
23786158.
33. Dean KE, Hikaka J, Huakau JT, Walmsley RS. Infliximab or cyclosporine for acute severe ulcerative colitis: a retrospective analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2012;27:487-492.PMID:
22098019.
34. Mocciaro F, Renna S, Orlando A, et al. Cyclosporine or infliximab as rescue therapy in severe refractory ulcerative colitis: early and long-term data from a retrospective observational study. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6:681-686.PMID:
22398101.
35. Minami N, Yoshino T, Matsuura M, et al. Tacrolimus or infliximab for severe ulcerative colitis: short-term and long-term data from a retrospective observational study. BMJ Open Gastro 2010;PMID:
10.1136/bmjgast-2014-000021. Published online 20 February 2015.
36. Herrlinger KR, Barthel DN, Schmidt KJ, et al. Infliximab as rescue medication for patients with severe ulcerative/indeterminate colitis refractory to tacrolimus. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010;31:1036-1041.PMID:
20175769.
37. Tsukamoto H, Tanida S, Mizoshita T, et al. Infliximab salvage therapy for patients with ulcerative colitis who failed to respond to tacrolimus. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013;25:714-718.PMID:
23411870.
38. Yamamoto S, Nakase H, Matsuura M, et al. Efficacy and safety of infliximab as rescue therapy for ulcerative colitis refractory to tacrolimus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2010;25:886-891.PMID:
20546441.
39. Leblanc S, Allez M, Seksik P, et al. Successive treatment with cyclosporine and infliximab in steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 2011;106:771-777.PMID:
21386832.
40. Saito E, Nagahori M, Fujii T, Ohtsuka K, Watanabe M. Efficacy of salvage therapy and its effect on operative outcomes in patients with ulcerative colitis. Digestion 2014;89:55-60.PMID:
24458114.
41. Lainesse A, Hussain S, Monif T, et al. Bioequivalence studies of tacrolimus capsule under fasting and fed conditions in healthy male and female subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 2008;58:242-247.PMID:
18589558.
42. van Dieren JM, van Bodegraven AA, Kuipers EJ, et al. Local application of tacrolimus in distal colitis: feasible and safe. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2009;15:193-198.PMID:
18825773.
43. Lawrance IC, Copeland TS. Rectal tacrolimus in the treatment of resistant ulcerative proctitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2008;28:1214-1220.PMID:
18761706.
44. Uchino M, Ikeuchi H, Matsuoka H, et al. Topical tacrolimus therapy for antibiotic-refractory pouchitis. Dis Colon Rectum 2013;56:1166-1173.PMID:
24022534.
45. Gonzalez-Lama Y, Gisbert JP, Mate J. The role of tacrolimus in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Dig Dis Sci 2006;51:1833-1840.PMID:
16964541.
46. Escher M, Stange EF, Herrlinger KR. Two cases of fatal Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia as a complication of tacrolimus therapy in ulcerative colitis-a need for prophylaxis. J Crohns Colitis 2010;4:606-609.PMID:
21122569.
47. Hida N, Nakamura S, Hahm KB, et al. A questionnaire-based survey on the diagnosis and management of inflammatory bowel disease in East Asian countries in 2012. Digestion 2014;89:88-103.PMID:
24458117.