Intestinal Research

Original Articles

Burden of inflammatory bowel disease in India: analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study from 1990 to 2019: Suprabhat Giri, Anuraag Jena, Praveen Kumar-M, Jaikumar Rajavoor Muniswamy, Preetam Nath, Vishal Sharma; Received August 26, 2024 Accepted December 4, 2024 Published online February 6, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2024.00134 [Epub ahead of print]

Background/Aims
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing across the globe, more so in populous countries like India. We aimed to study the disease burden and epidemiological trends of IBD in India and look closer into the disease pattern across the country from 1990 to 2019.
Methods
The burden of IBD was estimated in India using the data from the Global Burden of Disease estimate for 2019, which is a comprehensive worldwide project. The analysis included various parameters like incidence, prevalence, mortality, disability-adjusted life years, years lived with disability, and years of life lost as age-adjusted rates (per 100,000 population). Using modeling, the prediction was also made for 2050 in India.
Results
The age-standardized incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability rates of IBD in India for 2019 were 2.34, 20.34, 0.40, and 13.04, respectively. These are lower than the global incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability rates of 4.97, 59.25, 0.54, and 20.15, respectively. The annual rates of change in incidence, prevalence, mortality, and disability rates in India from 1990 to 2019 were 0.05, –0.02, –0.36, and –0.35, respectively. The annual rates of change in incidence and prevalence are higher than the global rate of –0.18 and –0.19, while the annual rates of change in mortality and disability are lower than the global rate of –0.19 and –0.26.
Conclusions
The incidence and prevalence of IBD in India are lower compared to the global population but are increasing at a faster rate than the global population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Impact of GLP-1 analogues on immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: A systematic review
Chhagan L. Birda, Fadwa Ibrahim, Abhirup Chatterjee, Anuraag Jena, Vishal Sharma, Shaji Sebastian
Autoimmunity Reviews.2026; 25(1): 103936. CrossRef
Burden of anemia in inflammatory bowel disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Rupa Tharu, Savitesh Kushwaha, Rachana Srivastava, Vaneet Jearth, Nitin Kaushal, Anupam Kumar Singh, Shweta Khandelwal, Poonam Khanna
Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2026; 37: 102262. CrossRef
Modulation of colonic DNA methyltransferase by mild moxibustion and electroacupuncture in ulcerative colitis TET2 knockout mice
Gege Feng, Yue Zhang, Huangan Wu, Lu Zhu, Hongxiao Xu, Zhe Ma, Yan Huang
Digital Chinese Medicine.2025; 8(1): 100. CrossRef
Research Status of Anemia Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
莉娟孙
Journal of Clinical Personalized Medicine.2025; 04(03): 712. CrossRef
Efficacy of tirzepatide for weight loss and it’s comparative effectiveness to weight loss surgery in inflammatory bowel disease
Aakash Desai, Himsikhar Khataniar, Fjona Tabaku, Jana G. Hashash, Francis A. Farraye, Gursimran S. Kochhar
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The adoption of a westernized gut microbiome in Indian Immigrants and Indo-Canadians is associated with dietary acculturation
Leah D. D’Aloisio, Mamatha Ballal, Sanjoy Ghosh, Natasha Haskey, Nijiati Abulizi, Ramin Karimianghadim, Chuyi Liu, Pacha Sruthi, Lakshmipriya Nagarajan, Sudha Vasudevan, Vignesh Shetty, Mrudgandha Purandare, Ushasi Bhaumik, Debaki Ranjan Howlader, Sepideh
npj Biofilms and Microbiomes.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Next-generation non-animal models for inflammatory bowel disease: In vitro and in silico approaches for mechanistic understanding
Priyanka Raju Chougule, Sukesh Narayan Sinha
NAM Journal.2025; 1: 100051. CrossRef
Relation of ultra-processed food consumption with ulcerative colitis disease activity
Nancy Sahni, Ayushi, Urvashi Rana, Radhika Khosla, Usha Dutta, Rakesh Kochhar, Vishal Sharma
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Modulation of inflammatory and cuproptotic crosstalk by Ethyl and propyl gallate: a multi-targeted strategy against experimental colitis
Priyanka Raju Chougule, Sukesh Narayan Sinha, Sudip Ghosh, Sangaraju Rajendra, Saikanth Varma, Suresh Challa, Manjula Bhanoori
Molecular Biology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Stroke in paediatric Crohn’s disease
Sai Anjali Kambala, Seema Pavaman Sindgikar, Daniya Hameed, Chandrashekar J Sorake
BMJ Case Reports.2025; 18(12): e269145. CrossRef
Editorial: The Hidden Burden—Stigmatisation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Authors' Reply
Suprabhat Giri, Anuraag Jena, Vishal Sharma, Shaji Sebastian
Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

14,184 View
704 Download
7 Web of Science
11 Crossref

IBD/ Endoscopy

Adequacy of sigmoidoscopy as compared to colonoscopy for assessment of disease activity in patients of ulcerative colitis: a prospective study: Sameet Tariq Patel, Anuraag Jena, Sanjay Chandnani, Shubham Jain, Pankaj Nawghare, Saurabh Bansal, Harsh Gandhi, Rishikesh Malokar, Jay Chudasama, Prasanta Debnath, Seemily Kahmei, Rima Kamat, Sangeeta Kini, Qais Q Contractor, Pravin M Rathi; Intest Res 2024;22(3):310-318. Published online May 16, 2024; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2023.00174

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Patients of ulcerative colitis (UC) on follow-up are routinely evaluated by sigmoidoscopy. There is no prospective literature to support this practice. We assessed agreement between sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy prospectively in patients with disease extent beyond the sigmoid colon.
Methods
We conducted a prospective observational study at a tertiary care institute for agreement between sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy. We assessed endoscopic activity using the Mayo Endoscopic Score (MES) and Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS) and histological activity using the Nancy Index (NI), Robarts Histopathology Index (RHI), and Simplified Geboes Score (SGS).
Results
Sigmoidoscopy showed a strong agreement with colonoscopy for MES and UCEIS with a kappa (κ) of 0.96 and 0.94 respectively. The misclassification rate for MES and UCEIS was 3% and 5% respectively. Sigmoidoscopy showed perfect agreement (κ = 1.00) with colonoscopy for assessment of the presence of endoscopic activity in the colon using MES ≥ 1 as activity criteria and strong agreement (κ = 0.93) using MES > 1 as activity criteria. Sigmoidoscopy showed strong agreement with colonoscopy for assessment of the presence of endoscopic activity using UCEIS (κ = 0.92). Strong agreement was observed between sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy using NI (κ = 0.86), RHI (κ = 1.00), and SGS (κ = 0.92) for the detection of histological activity. The misclassification rate for the detection of histological activity was 2%, 0%, and 1% for NI, RHI, and SGS respectively.
Conclusions
Sigmoidoscopy showed strong agreement with colonoscopy for endoscopic and histologic disease activity. Sigmoidoscopy is adequate for assessment of disease activity in patients with UC during follow-up evaluation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Sigmoidoscopy is sufficient to assess endoscopic response to therapy in pediatric ulcerative colitis: A cohort study
Shira Yuval Bar‐Asher, Esther Orlanski‐Meyer, Ibrahim Shamasnah, Dotan Yogev, Dan Turner
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.2026; 82(1): 98. CrossRef
ECCO consensus on management of inflammatory bowel disease in low- and middle-income countries
Alaa El-Hussuna, Almuthe Christina Hauer, Tarkan Karakan, Valerie Pittet, Henit Yanai, Jalpa Devi, Jesus K Yamamoto-Furusho, Ali Reza Sima, Hailemichael Desalegn, Mutaz Idrees Sultan, Vishal Sharma, Hany Shehab, Lamya Mrabti, Natalia Queiroz, Anuraag Jena
Journal of Crohn’s and Colitis.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Comments on “Adequacy of sigmoidoscopy as compared to colonoscopy for assessment of disease activity in patients of ulcerative colitis: a prospective study”
Sidharth Harindranath
Intestinal Research.2025; 23(2): 225. CrossRef
Reshaping study design for faster extrapolation‐based drug approval in pediatric inflammatory bowel diseases: An ESPGHAN–NASPGHAN position paper
Dan Turner, Amit Assa, Mikkel Malham, Shira Yuval Bar‐Asher, Carla Rayan, Jeffrey S. Hyams, Holm H. Uhlig, Brad Pasternak, David C. Wilson, Hilary K. Michel, Lissy de Ridder, Eric Zuckerman, Marina Aloi, Peter Szitanyi, Marla C. Dubinsky, Anne M. Griffith
Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition.2025;[Epub] CrossRef

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166 Download
5 Web of Science
4 Crossref

IBD

Clinical presentation of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis: Anupam K. Singh, Anuraag Jena, Praveen Kumar-M, Daya Krishna Jha, Vishal Sharma; Intest Res 2022;20(1):134-143. Published online January 18, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00108

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is recognized to have variable clinical manifestations. The clinical presentation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) having COVID-19 is unclear.
Methods
We identified articles reporting about the clinical presentation of COVID-19 in those with underlying IBD from PubMed and Embase. The studies, irrespective of design or language, were included. The overall pooled frequency of various symptoms was estimated. Joanna Briggs Institute Critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of studies.
Results
Eleven studies, including 1,325 patients, were included in the pooled analysis. The pooled estimates for clinical presentation were; fever: 67.53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.38–83.88), cough: 59.58% (95% CI, 45.01–72.63), diarrhea: 27.26% (95% CI, 19.51–36.69), running nose: 27% (95% CI, 15.26–43.19) and dyspnea: 25.29% (95% CI, 18.52–33.52). The pooled prevalence rates for abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting were 13.08% (95% CI, 9.24–18.19), 10.08% (95% CI, 5.84–16.85) and 8.80% (95% CI, 4.43–16.70) per 100 population, respectively.
Conclusions
The clinical presentation of COVID-19 in IBD patients is similar to the general population.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Deficient SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity during inflammatory bowel disease
Amin Alirezaylavasani, Ingrid Marie Egner, Børresdatter Dahl, Adity Chopra, Taissa de Matos Kasahara, Guro Løvik Goll, Jørgen Jahnsen, Gunnveig Grødeland, John Torgils Vaage, Fridtjof Lund-Johansen, Jan Cato Holter, Bente Halvorsen, Kristin Kaasen Jørgens
Clinical Immunology.2025; 271: 110404. CrossRef
Small Bowel Diverticulosis and COVID-19: Awareness Is the Key: A Case Series and Review of the Literature
Petros Bangeas, Nikolaos Konstantinidis, Tania Chrisopoulou, Despoina Karatzia, Alexandros Giakoustidis, Vasileios Papadopoulos
Medicina.2024; 60(2): 229. CrossRef
Exacerbated gastrointestinal symptoms and long COVID in IBD patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: A multi-center study from taiwan
Tsung-Yu Tsai, Jia-Feng Wu, Meng-Tzu Weng, Chiao-Hsiung Chuang, Tien-Yu Huang, Wei-Chen Tai, Chi-Ming Tai, Chen-Shuan Chung, Chih-Cheng Chen, Ching-Pin Lin, Yuan-Yao Tsai, Shu-Chen Wei
Journal of the Formosan Medical Association.2024; 123(8): 866. CrossRef
COVID-19 IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE: SHOULD WE BE MORE CAREFUL WITH THE USE OF SALICYLATES?
Mariana Rolim Fernandes MACEDO, Carlos Arthur Fernandes SOBREIRA, Carola Braz de LAVOR, Camila Ribeiro RÔLA, Ticiana Maria de Lavor ROLIM, Francisco Sérgio Rangel de Paula PESSOA, Milena Santana GIRÃO, Caio César Furtado FREIRE, Ranna Caroline Bezerra SIE
Arquivos de Gastroenterologia.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of preexisting digestive problems on the gastrointestinal symptoms of patients with omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Xinghuang Liu, Bayasgalan Luvsandagva, Dongke Wang, Siran Zhu, Zhiyue Xu, Dan Zhou, Xiaotian Xie, Wei Qian, Xiaohua Hou, Tao Bai, Dong Keon Yon
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(10): e0312545. CrossRef
Diarrhea and Coronavirus Disease 2019 Infection
David M. Friedel, Mitchell S. Cappell
Gastroenterology Clinics of North America.2023; 52(1): 59. CrossRef
Managing IBD in the COVID-19 era
Nicholas Scalzo, Ryan C. Ungaro
Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Impact of COVID-19 in individuals with and without pre-existent digestive disorders with a particular focus on elderly patients
Alfredo Papa, Marcello Covino, Sara Sofia De Lucia, Angelo Del Gaudio, Marcello Fiorani, Giorgia Polito, Carlo Romano Settanni, Andrea Piccioni, Francesco Franceschi, Antonio Gasbarrini
World Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 29(26): 4099. CrossRef
Twelve Months with COVID-19: What Gastroenterologists Need to Know
Giulia Concas, Michele Barone, Ruggiero Francavilla, Fernanda Cristofori, Vanessa Nadia Dargenio, Rossella Giorgio, Costantino Dargenio, Vassilios Fanos, Maria Antonietta Marcialis
Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2022; 67(7): 2771. CrossRef
Perceptions and Behaviors of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease during the COVID-19 Crisis
Yoo Jin Lee, Kyeong Ok Kim, Min Cheol Kim, Kwang Bum Cho, Kyung Sik Park, Byeong Ik Jang
Gut and Liver.2022; 16(1): 81. CrossRef
Recent advances in clinical practice: management of inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic
Simeng Lin, Louis HS Lau, Neil Chanchlani, Nicholas A Kennedy, Siew C Ng
Gut.2022; 71(7): 1426. CrossRef
Vaccination strategies for Korean patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Yoo Jin Lee, Eun Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2022; 37(5): 920. CrossRef
Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases guidance for clinical practice of adult inflammatory bowel disease during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: expert consensus statements
Yong Eun Park, Yoo Jin Lee, Ji Young Chang, Hyun Joo Song, Duk Hwan Kim, Young Joo Yang, Byung Chang Kim, Jae Gon Lee, Hee Chan Yang, Miyoung Choi, Seong-Eun Kim, Seung-Jae Myung
Intestinal Research.2022; 20(4): 431. CrossRef
Endoscopy within 7 days after detecting high calprotectin levels can be useful for therapeutic decision-making in ulcerative colitis
Ho Min Yong, Sung-Jo Park, Seong Ran Jeon, Heesu Park, Hyun Gun Kim, Tae Hee Lee, Junseok Park, Jin-Oh Kim, Joon Seong Lee, Bong Min Ko, Hyeon Jeong Goong, Suyeon Park
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KASID Guidance for Clinical Practice Management of Adult Inflammatory Bowel Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Expert Consensus Statement
Yong Eun Park, Yoo Jin Lee, Ji Young Chang, Hyun Joo Song, Duk Hwan Kim, Young Joo Yang, Byung Chang Kim, Jae Gon Lee, Hee Chan Yang, Miyoung Choi, Seong-Eun Kim, Seung-Jae Myung
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 78(2): 105. CrossRef
The natural history of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide study by the Hellenic Society for the study of IBD
Giorgos Bamias, Georgios Kokkotis, Angeliki Christidou, Dimitrios K. Christodoulou, Vasileios Delis, Georgia Diamantopoulou, Smaragdi Fessatou, Anthia Gatopoulou, Olga Giouleme, Panagiota Kafritsa, Chrisostomos Kalantzis, Andreas Kapsoritakis, Pantelis Ka
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2021; 33(1S): e810. CrossRef

10,248 View
435 Download
16 Web of Science
16 Crossref

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