Intestinal Research

Original Article

IBD

Low prevalence of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in India: Arshdeep Singh, Vandana Midha, Vikram Narang, Saurabh Kedia, Ramit Mahajan, Pavan Dhoble, Bhavjeet Kaur Kahlon, Ashvin Singh Dhaliwal, Ashish Tripathi, Shivam Kalra, Narender Pal Jain, Namita Bansal, Rupa Banerjee, Devendra Desai, Usha Dutta, Vineet Ahuja, Ajit Sood; Intest Res 2023;21(4):452-459. Published online December 2, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2022.00087

Background/Aims
Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) represents the most common hepatobiliary extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Limited data exist on PSC in patients with IBD from India. We aimed to assess the prevalence and disease spectrum of PSC in Indian patients with IBD.
Methods
Database of IBD patients at 5 tertiary care IBD centers in India were analyzed retrospectively. Data were extracted and the prevalence of PSC-IBD was calculated.
Results
Forty-eight patients out of 12,216 patients with IBD (9,231 UC, 2,939 CD, and 46 IBD unclassified) were identified to have PSC, resulting in a prevalence of 0.39%. The UC to CD ratio was 7:1. Male sex and pancolitis (UC) or colonic CD were more commonly associated with PSC-IBD. The diagnosis of IBD preceded the diagnosis of PSC in most of the patients. Majority of the patients were symptomatic for liver disease at diagnosis. Eight patients (16.66%) developed cirrhosis, 5 patients (10.41%), all UC, developed malignancies (3 colorectal cancer [6.25%] and 2 cholangiocarcinoma [4.16%]), and 3 patients died (2 decompensated liver disease [4.16%] and 1 cholangiocarcinoma [2.08%]) on follow-up. None of the patients mandated surgical therapy for IBD.
Conclusions
Concomitant PSC in patients with IBD is uncommon in India and is associated with lower rates of development of malignancies.

Citations

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Review

IBD

Use of thiopurines in inflammatory bowel disease: an update: Arshdeep Singh, Ramit Mahajan, Saurabh Kedia, Amit Kumar Dutta, Abhinav Anand, Charles N. Bernstein, Devendra Desai, C. Ganesh Pai, Govind Makharia, Harsh Vardhan Tevethia, Joyce WY Mak, Kirandeep Kaur, Kiran Peddi, Mukesh Kumar Ranjan, Perttu Arkkila, Rakesh Kochhar, Rupa Banerjee, Saroj Kant Sinha, Siew Chien Ng, Stephen Hanauer, Suhang Verma, Usha Dutta, Vandana Midha, Varun Mehta, Vineet Ahuja, Ajit Sood; Intest Res 2022;20(1):11-30. Published online April 15, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00155

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), once considered a disease of the Western hemisphere, has emerged as a global disease. As the disease prevalence is on a steady rise, management of IBD has come under the spotlight. 5-Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressive agents and biologics are the backbone of treatment of IBD. With the advent of biologics and small molecules, the need for surgery and hospitalization has decreased. However, economic viability and acceptability is an important determinant of local prescription patterns. Nearly one-third of the patients in West receive biologics as the first/initial therapy. The scenario is different in developing countries where biologics are used only in a small proportion of patients with IBD. Increased risk of reactivation of tuberculosis and high cost of the therapy are limitations to their use. Thiopurines hence become critical for optimal management of patients with IBD in these regions. However, approximately one-third of patients are intolerant or develop adverse effects with their use. This has led to suboptimal use of thiopurines in clinical practice. This review article discusses the clinical aspects of thiopurine use in patients with IBD with the aim of optimizing their use to full therapeutic potential.

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Original Articles

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab in Crohn’s disease in patients from Asian countries in the GEMINI 2 study: Rupa Banerjee, Sai Wei Chuah, Ida Normiha Hilmi, Deng-Chyang Wu, Suk-Kyun Yang, Dirk Demuth, Dirk Lindner, Shashi Adsul; Intest Res 2021;19(1):83-94. Published online December 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.09160

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
The efficacy and safety of vedolizumab in moderate-to-severely active Crohn’s disease (CD) were demonstrated in the GEMINI 2 study (NCT00783692). This post-hoc exploratory analysis aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of vedolizumab in the subgroup of patients from Asian countries.
Methods
During the induction phase (doses at day 1, 15), clinical remission, enhanced clinical response, and change in C-reactive protein at 6 weeks; during the maintenance phase, clinical remission, enhanced clinical response, glucocorticoid-free remission and durable clinical remission at 52 weeks, were the efficacy outcomes of interest. Efficacy and safety of vedolizumab compared to placebo were assessed in Asian countries (Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan) using descriptive analyses.
Results
During the induction phase, in Asian countries (n = 51), 14.7% of the vedolizumab-treated patients achieved clinical remission at week 6 compared to none with placebo (difference, 14.7%; 95% confidence interval, 15.8%–43.5%). In non-Asian countries (n = 317), the remission rate at week 6 with vedolizumab was 14.5%. During maintenance, in Asian countries, clinical remission rates at 52 weeks with vedolizumab administered every 4 weeks, vedolizumab administered every 8 weeks and placebo were 41.7%, 36.4%, and 0%, respectively; while enhanced clinical response rates were 41.7%, 63.6%, and 42.9%, respectively. During induction, 39.7% of patients with vedolizumab experienced an adverse event compared to 58.8% of patients with placebo, and vedolizumab was generally well-tolerated.
Conclusions
This post-hoc analysis demonstrates the treatment effect and safety of vedolizumab in moderateto-severely active CD in patients from Asian countries.

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Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease in a South Asian country where inflammatory bowel disease is emerging: a distinct clinical phenotype from later onset disease: Rupa Banerjee, Partha Pal, Zaheer Nabi, Upender Shava, Girish Ganesh, D. Nageshwar Reddy; Intest Res 2021;19(4):398-407. Published online November 20, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00107

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Information on pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (PIBD) and very early onset IBD (VEOIBD) are sparse in India, where IBD is emerging. We aimed to evaluate characteristics of VEOIBD and later onset PIBD (LO-PIBD) in India.
Methods
We performed retrospective analysis of a large, prospectively maintained IBD registry. PIBD was divided in to VEOIBD ( < 6 years) and LO-PIBD (6–17 years). Demographic data, disease characteristics and treatment were compared between the PIBD groups and with other Asian/Western studies as well as the adult patients of the registry.
Results
Of 3,752 IBD patients, 292 (7.8%) had PIBD (0–17 years) (175 Crohn’s disease [CD], 113 ulcerative colitis [UC], 4 IBD-undifferentiated; 22 VEOIBD [7.5%], and 270 LO-PIBD [92.5%]). VEOIBD patients had more severe disease compared to LO-PIBD in both UC (P= 0.003) and CD (P< 0.001). Familial IBD was more common in VEOIBD (13.6%) compared to LO-PIBD (9.2%). Ileal disease (L1) was an independent risk factor for diagnostic delay in pediatric CD. Diagnostic delay ( > 6 months) was significantly lower in VEOIBD (40.9%) than in LO-PIBD (78.8%) (P< 0.001). Compared to other Asian and Western studies, extensive UC (72.5%) and complicated CD (stricturing/penetrating: 42.7%) were relatively more common. Perianal CD was relatively less frequent (7.4%). PIBD had a significantly higher number of complicated and ileal CD and extensive UC comparison to adult cohort of the registry.
Conclusions
VEOIBD has more aggressive phenotype than LO-PIBD. Disease appears distinct from other Asian and Western studies and adult onset disease, with more complicated CD and extensive UC.

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Review

Inflammatory bowel diseases

Colitis and Crohn’s Foundation (India) consensus statements on use of 5-aminosalicylic acid in inflammatory bowel disease: Ajit Sood, Vineet Ahuja, Vandana Midha, Saroj Kant Sinha, C. Ganesh Pai, Saurabh Kedia, Varun Mehta, Sawan Bopanna, Philip Abraham, Rupa Banerjee, Shobna Bhatia, Karmabir Chakravartty, Sunil Dadhich, Devendra Desai, Manisha Dwivedi, Bhabhadev Goswami, Kirandeep Kaur, Rajeev Khosla, Ajay Kumar, Ramit Mahajan, S. P. Misra, Kiran Peddi, Shivaram Prasad Singh, Arshdeep Singh; Intest Res 2020;18(4):355-378. Published online July 13, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.09176

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Despite several recent advances in therapy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) therapy has retained its place especially in ulcerative colitis. This consensus on 5-ASA is obtained through a modified Delphi process, and includes guiding statements and recommendations based on literature evidence (randomized trials, and observational studies), clinical practice, and expert opinion on use of 5-ASA in IBD by Indian gastroenterologists. The aim is to aid practitioners in selecting appropriate treatment strategies and facilitate optimal use of 5-ASA in patients with IBD.

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Original Article

Inflammatory bowel diseases

Familial aggregation of inflammatory bowel disease in India: prevalence, risks and impact on disease behavior: Rupa Banerjee, Partha Pal, Susan Hutfless, B Girish Ganesh, D Nageshwar Reddy; Intest Res 2019;17(4):486-495. Published online August 6, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.00174

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Information about familial aggregation of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Asia is limited. We aimed to analyze the prevalence and risk of familial IBD in an Indian cohort and compare familial and sporadic cases.
Methods
Familial IBD cases were identified from a large prospectively maintained IBD registry. The prevalence of IBD in first- and seconddegree relatives of index cases was evaluated. The disease behavior was compared to that of sporadic cases.
Results
Total 3,553 patients (ulcerative colitis [UC], 2,053; Crohn’s disease [CD], 1,500) were included. Familial IBD was noted in 4.13% of CD and 4.34% of UC patients. Family history was commoner in pediatric group (< 18 years) (P= 0.0002; odds ratio [OR], 2.8; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6–4.8). Majority had paternal transmission (UC, 67.42%; CD, 70.97%). Concordance of disease type was higher in UC (79.7%) compared to CD (37.1%). Familial IBD was associated with higher cumulative relapse rate (CD, P< 0.001; UC, P< 0.001), higher cumulative rate of surgery (CD, P< 0.001; UC, P< 0.001) and higher rate of biologic use (CD, P= 0.010; UC, P= 0.015). Pan-colitis was higher in familial UC (P= 0.003; OR, 1.935; 95% CI, 1.248–3.000). Fistulizing disease was commoner in familial CD (P= 0.041; OR, 2.044; 95% CI, 1.030–4.056).
Conclusions
The prevalence of familial IBD in India appears comparable to rest of Asia but lower than the West. It is associated with a younger age of onset, higher incidence of pan-colitis in UC and fistulizing complications in CD. Familial IBD has higher cumulative relapse, surgery and biologic use rates. Hence, family history of IBD could have important prognostic implications.

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Review

IBD

Best practices on immunomodulators and biologic agents for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in Asia: Choon Jin Ooi, Ida Hilmi, Rupa Banerjee, Sai Wei Chuah, Siew Chien Ng, Shu Chen Wei, Govind K Makharia, Pises Pisespongsa, Min Hu Chen, Zhi Hua Ran, Byong Duk Ye, Dong Il Park, Khoon Lin Ling, David Ong, Vineet Ahuja, Khean Lee Goh, Jose Sollano, Wee Chian Lim, Wai Keung Leung, Raja Affendi Raja Ali, Deng Chyang Wu, Evan Ong, Nazri Mustaffa, Julajak Limsrivilai, Tadakazu Hisamatsu, Suk Kyun Yang, Qin Ouyang, Richard Geary, Janaka H De Silva, Rungsun Rerknimitr, Marcellus Simadibrata, Murdani Abdullah, Rupert WL Leong, the Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology (APAGE) Working Group on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis; Intest Res 2019;17(3):285-310. Published online May 31, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.00026

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The Asia-Pacific Working Group on inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was established in Cebu, Philippines, under the auspices of the Asian Pacific Association of Gastroenterology with the goal of improving IBD care in Asia. This consensus is carried out in collaboration with Asian Organization for Crohn’s and Colitis. With biologic agents and biosimilars becoming more established, it is necessary to conduct a review on existing literature and establish a consensus on when and how to introduce biologic agents and biosimilars in the conjunction with conventional treatments for ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) in Asia. These statements also address how pharmacogenetics influence the treatments of UC and CD and provide guidance on response monitoring and strategies to restore loss of response. Finally, the review includes statements on how to manage treatment alongside possible hepatitis B and tuberculosis infections, both common in Asia. These statements have been prepared and voted upon by members of IBD workgroup employing the modified Delphi process. These statements do not intend to be all-encompassing and future revisions are likely as new data continue to emerge.

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Statement

IBD

Consensus recommendations for patient-centered therapy in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis: the i Support Therapy–Access to Rapid Treatment (iSTART) approach: Silvio Danese, Rupa Banerjee, JR Fraser Cummings, Iris Dotan, Paulo G Kotze, Rupert Wing Loong Leong, Kristine Paridaens, Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet, Glyn Scott, Gert Van Assche, Jan Wehkamp, Jesús K Yamamoto-Furusho; Intest Res 2018;16(4):522-528. Published online October 16, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.00073

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Symptomatic ulcerative colitis (UC) can be a chronic, disabling condition. Flares in disease activity are associated with many of the negative impacts of mild-to-moderate UC. Rapid resolution of flares can provide benefits to patients and healthcare systems. i Support Therapy–Access to Rapid Treatment (iSTART) introduces patient-centered care for mild-to-moderate UC. iSTART provides patients with the ability to self-assess symptomology and self-start a short course of second-line treatment when necessary. An international panel of experts produced consensus statements and recommendations. These were informed by evidence from systematic reviews on the epidemiology, mesalazine (5-ASA) treatment, and patient use criteria for second-line therapy in UC. Optimized 5-ASA is the first-line treatment in all clinical guidelines, but may not be sufficient to induce remission in all patients. Corticosteroids should be prescribed as second-line therapy when needed, with budesonide MMX® being a preferred steroid option. Active involvement of suitable patients in management of UC flares has the potential to improve therapy, with patients able to show good accuracy for flare self-assessment using validated tools. There is a place in the UC treatment pathway for an approach such as iSTART, which has the potential to provide patient, clinical and economic benefits.

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Special Review

IBD

Asian Organization for Crohn's and Colitis and Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology consensus on tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment. Part 1: risk assessment: Dong Il Park, Tadakazu Hisamatsu, Minhu Chen, Siew Chien Ng, Choon Jin Ooi, Shu Chen Wei, Rupa Banerjee, Ida Normiha Hilmi, Yoon Tae Jeen, Dong Soo Han, Hyo Jong Kim, Zhihua Ran, Kaichun Wu, Jiaming Qian, Pin-Jin Hu, Katsuyoshi Matsuoka, Akira Andoh, Yasuo Suzuki, Kentaro Sugano, Mamoru Watanabe, Toshifumi Hibi, Amarender S. Puri, Suk-Kyun Yang; Intest Res 2018;16(1):4-16. Published online January 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.4

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Because anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy has become increasingly popular in many Asian countries, the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) among anti-TNF users may raise serious health problems in this region. Thus, the Asian Organization for Crohn's and Colitis and the Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology have developed a set of consensus statements about risk assessment, detection and prevention of latent TB infection, and management of active TB infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving anti-TNF treatment. Twenty-three consensus statements were initially drafted and then discussed by the committee members. The quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations were assessed by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. Web-based consensus voting was performed by 211 IBD specialists from 9 Asian countries concerning each statement. A consensus statement was accepted if at least 75% of the participants agreed. Part 1 of the statements comprised 2 parts: risk of TB infection Recommendaduring anti-TNF therapy, and screening for TB infection prior to commencing anti-TNF therapy. These consensus statements will help clinicians optimize patient outcomes by reducing the morbidity and mortality related to TB infections in patients with IBD receiving anti-TNF treatment.

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Special Review: Consensus on TB in IBD

IBD

Asian Organization for Crohn's and Colitis and Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology consensus on tuberculosis infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease receiving anti-tumor necrosis factor treatment. Part 2: management: Dong Il Park, Tadakazu Hisamatsu, Minhu Chen, Siew Chien Ng, Choon Jin Ooi, Shu Chen Wei, Rupa Banerjee, Ida Normiha Hilmi, Yoon Tae Jeen, Dong Soo Han, Hyo Jong Kim, Zhihua Ran, Kaichun Wu, Jiaming Qian, Pin-Jin Hu, Katsuyoshi Matsuoka, Akira Andoh, Yasuo Suzuki, Kentaro Sugano, Mamoru Watanabe, Toshifumi Hibi, Amarender S. Puri, Suk-Kyun Yang; Intest Res 2018;16(1):17-25. Published online January 18, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.17

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Because anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) therapy has become increasingly popular in many Asian countries, the risk of developing active tuberculosis (TB) among anti-TNF users may raise serious health problems in this region. Thus, the Asian Organization for Crohn's and Colitis and the Asia Pacific Association of Gastroenterology have developed a set of consensus statements about risk assessment, detection and prevention of latent TB infection, and management of active TB infection in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) receiving anti-TNF treatment. Twenty-three consensus statements were initially drafted and then discussed by the committee members. The quality of evidence and the strength of recommendations were assessed by using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation methodology. Web-based consensus voting was performed by 211 IBD specialists from 9 Asian countries concerning each statement. A consensus statement was accepted if at least 75% of the participants agreed. Part 2 of the statements comprised 3 parts: management of latent TB in preparation for anti-TNF therapy, monitoring during anti-TNF therapy, and management of an active TB infection after anti-TNF therapy. These consensus statements will help clinicians optimize patient outcomes by reducing the morbidity and mortality related to TB infections in patients with IBD receiving anti-TNF treatment.

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