Intestinal Research

Review

Deciphering the diet-inflammatory bowel disease relationship: knowledge gaps and future perspectives: Arshdeep Singh, Arshia Bhardwaj, Vandana Midha, Ajit Sood; Received November 5, 2025 Accepted December 28, 2025 Published online March 4, 2026; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2025.00278 [Epub ahead of print]

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub: Diet is increasingly recognized not as a passive exposure but as a dynamic determinant of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, progression, and treatment response. This review article redefines diet as a multidimensional modifier acting through complex interactions with genetics, microbiota, intestinal barrier function, and environmental exposures. Beyond nutrient composition, we highlight how age, sex, habitual diet, cooking methods, contaminants, and lifestyle collectively shape disease trajectories. We also identify key research priorities: incorporation of long-term, mechanistically anchored trials; development of digital, biomarker-informed dietary assessment tools; and integration of polygenic, microbial, and metabolic data to inform individualized therapy. Emerging evidence also calls for culturally tailored and patient-centered frameworks that ensure real-world adherence and equity in dietary interventions. Reframing diet as a biological, behavioral, and environmental nexus shifts it from the periphery to the forefront of IBD care, transforming it from a confounder in research to a therapeutic frontier in clinical practice.

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Original Articles

IBD

A survey on the practices and patterns in the management of acute severe ulcerative colitis in India: Arshia Bhardwaj, Arshdeep Singh, Riya Sharma, Vandana Midha, Ajit Sood; Intest Res 2026;24(3):520-531. Published online November 14, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2025.00060

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
The real-world management of acute severe ulcerative colitis (ASUC) varies considerably across regions and healthcare settings. This study aimed to evaluate current management practices for ASUC among gastroenterologists in India.
Methods
A structured, web-based survey covering 5 thematic domains (provider and institutional characteristics, clinical workload and initial management, diagnostic practices, infectious work-up, and strategies for rescue therapy) was disseminated via email. Responses were analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Results
A total of 228 responses were received from across India’s 5 geographic zones. The majority of respondents were affiliated with either corporate hospitals (n = 76, 33.3%) or teaching hospitals (n = 68, 29.8%). The majority (n = 135, 59.2%) reported managing up to 10 ASUC cases annually. The Truelove and Witts criteria were the most commonly used for diagnosis (n = 169, 74.1%). Nutritional assessment was performed by 89 respondents (39.0%). Biopsies for cytomegalovirus during index sigmoidoscopy were obtained by 75 (32.9%). Intravenous hydrocortisone was the preferred steroid (n = 188, 82.5%). Low molecular weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis was never prescribed by 62 respondents (27.2%). Oxford criteria were most frequently used to assess steroid response (n = 150, 65.8%). More than half of the respondents (n = 125, 54.8%) reported that fewer than 50% of patients accepted rescue therapy. Rescue therapy was initiated on or after day 5 by 153 respondents (67.1%). Early involvement of colorectal surgeons was reported by 66 (28.9%). A majority (n = 200, 87.7%) were associated with low-volume centers for ileal pouch-anal anastomosis, performing < 5 procedures per year.
Conclusions
This nationwide survey reveals considerable heterogeneity in ASUC management in India. Standardizing care through patient and healthcare provider education and context-specific guidelines is imperative.

Citations

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Can lifestyle restrictions prevent relapse in ulcerative colitis? A focus on quality of life
Jihye Park
Intestinal Research.2026; 24(2): 195. CrossRef
Distinct predictive factors for acute severe ulcerative colitis in East Asian and Western populations
Eun Soo Kim, Dong Hyun Kim, Seong-Jung Kim, Sang Hyoung Park, Hyun Seok Lee, Sung Kook Kim, Hyun Soo Kim, Jun Lee, Kyeong Ok Kim, Byung Ik Jang, Yoo Jin Lee, Eun Mi Song, Dae Sung Kim, Chun-Chi Lin, Joyce Wing Yan Mak, Jing Liu, Qian Cao, Shu-Chen Wei, We
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef

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IBD

Prevalence and outcome of sarcopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a follow-up study: Vikram Dharap, Devendra Desai, Philip Abraham, Tarun Gupta, Pavan Dhoble, Nirad Mehta, Jagdish Modhe; Intest Res 2026;24(1):141-150. Published online January 23, 2025; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2024.00096

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Sarcopenia is implicated in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) complications and surgical outcomes. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and follow-up of sarcopenia in patients with IBD.
Methods
Consecutive consenting patients with IBD aged > 18 years were included. Patients with associated sarcopenic diseases were excluded. All had measurements of anthropometry, body mass index (BMI), mid-arm muscle circumference, muscle strength, physical performance, and muscle mass (on computed tomography scan). They were followed up for up to 12 months, and incidence of flares, fractures, and surgery was noted.
Results
Of 157 patients screened, 35 refused participation; 5 with associated sarcopenic diseases were excluded. Of 117 patients (median age, 41 years; interquartile range, 18–81 years; 65 men), 73 had ulcerative colitis, 42 Crohn’s disease, and 2 IBD-unclassified. Forty (34.2%) had probable sarcopenia; 47 (40.2%) had sarcopenia (29 ulcerative colitis and 18 Crohn’s disease) including 10 (8.5%) with severe sarcopenia. Ten (21.3%) were in disease remission. Of factors associated with sarcopenia in univariate analysis, only BMI was significant in multivariate analysis. Ninety-nine patients followed up for a median of 7 months (interquartile range, 2–12 months). Freedom from flares was 5.3% in patients with sarcopenia and 46.1% in those without (P= 0.004). Three patients (1 with sarcopenia, 2 without) required surgery.
Conclusions
Sarcopenia was present in 40% of patients with IBD; one-fifth of these had severe sarcopenia. One-fifth were in remission. Low BMI correlated with sarcopenia. More patients with sarcopenia had disease flare. Screening for sarcopenia should be considered in patients with IBD.

Citations

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Precision Medicine in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: The Emerging Role of Metabolic Dysfunction
Aditya Kotha, Arun J. Sanyal, Raseen Tariq
Journal of Personalized Medicine.2026; 16(3): 139. CrossRef
Progressive Myopenia and Functional Decline in the Winnie Mouse Model of Chronic Colitis
Shilpa Sharma, Danielle Debruin, Jeannie Devereaux, Alan Hayes, Kulmira Nurgali, Gustavo Duque
Muscles.2026; 5(2): 38. CrossRef
Sarcopenia as a prognostic marker in inflammatory bowel disease: Implications for endoscopic outcomes and loss of response to biologic therapy—A systematic review with narrative synthesis
Thomas Fuchs, Vanessa Stadlbauer
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Beyond Inflammation: Sarcopenia and Disease Phenotype Predict Unfavourable Course in Crohn’s Disease—A Retrospective Observational Study
Vasile-Claudiu Mihai, Marius Lucian Savin, Ioana-Irina Rezuș, Vasile-Lucian Boiculese, Alina Ecaterina Jucan, Georgiana Sârbu, Carmen Atodiresei, Mihaela Dranga, Otilia Nedelciuc, Liliana Gheorghe, Cristina Cijevschi-Prelipcean, Cătălina Mihai
Biomedicines.2026; 14(8): 1855. CrossRef

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IBD

Evaluation of nutritional status using bioelectrical impedance analysis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Seung Hyuk Kim, You Sun Kim, Si Hyeong Lee, Hyun Mi Lee, Won Eui Yoon, Seo Hyun Kim, Hee Jun Myung, Jeong Seop Moon; Intest Res 2022;20(3):321-328. Published online July 20, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2021.00022

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Nutritional status influences quality of life among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), although there is no clear method to evaluate nutritional status in this setting. Therefore, this study examined whether bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) could be used to evaluate the nutritional status of patients with IBD.
Methods
We retrospectively analyzed data from 139 Korean patients with IBD who were treated between November 2018 and November 2019. Patients were categorized as having active or inactive IBD based on the Harvey-Bradshaw index (a score of ≥5 indicates active Crohn’s disease) and the partial Mayo scoring index (a score of ≥2 indicates active ulcerative colitis). BIA results and serum nutritional markers were analyzed according to disease activity.
Results
The mean patient age was 45.11±17.71 years. The study included 47 patients with ulcerative colitis and 92 patients with Crohn’s disease. Relative to the group with active disease (n=72), the group with inactive disease (n=67) had significantly higher values for hemoglobin (P<0.001), total protein (P<0.001), and albumin (P<0.001). Furthermore, the group with inactive disease had higher BIA values for body moisture (P=0.047), muscle mass (P=0.046), skeletal muscle mass (P=0.042), body mass index (P=0.027), and mineral content (P=0.034). Moreover, the serum nutritional markers were positively correlated with the BIA results.
Conclusions
Nutritional markers evaluated using BIA were correlated with serum nutritional markers and inversely correlated with disease activity. Therefore, we suggest that BIA may be a useful tool that can help existing nutritional tests monitor the nutritional status of IBD patients.

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Review

IBD

Anti-inflammatory diet and inflammatory bowel disease: what clinicians and patients should know?: Nor Hamizah Shafiee, Zahara Abdul Manaf, Norfilza M. Mokhtar, Raja Affendi Raja Ali; Intest Res 2021;19(2):171-185. Published online February 3, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00035

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Current treatment for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes the application of anti-inflammatory agents for the induction and remission of IBD. However, prolonged use of anti-inflammatory agents can exert adverse effects on patients. Recently, formulated dietary approach in treating IBD patients is utilized to improve clinical activity scores. An alteration of gastrointestinal microbiota through dietary therapy was found to reduce IBD and is recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy for IBD. One of the recommended formulated diets is an anti-inflammatory diet (AID) that restricts the intake of carbohydrates with modified fatty acids. This diet also contains probiotics and prebiotics that can promote balanced intestinal microbiota composition. However, scientific evidences are limited to support this specific dietary regime in maintaining the remission and prevention relapse of IBD. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize available data from various studies to evaluate the AID diet effectiveness which will be useful for clinicians to manage their IBD patients by application of improved dietary therapy.

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Original Articles

Functional bowel disorder

An evaluation of dietary adequacy among patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome in Malaysia: Nor Hamizah Shafiee, Nurul Huda Razalli, Norfilza M. Mokhtar, Eunice Tan, Raja Affendi Raja Ali; Intest Res 2022;20(1):124-133. Published online January 22, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00050

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Substantial proportions of patients with constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-C) linked their symptoms with particular intake of foods. However, there is lack of current data regarding the intake among IBS-C patients before any dietary interventions. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the dietary adequacy among IBS-C against the standard recommended nutrient intake (RNI) and healthy controls.
Methods
A retrospective case-control study was conducted involving IBS-C patients and healthy control subjects. A validated 126-food items frequency questionnaire was administered to all the subjects to assess their dietary intake, guided by dietitians. The calculated nutrients intake for IBS-C patients was then compared against the standard RNI and healthy controls.
Results
A total of 306 subjects were recruited, among which 218 were diagnosed with IBS-C and 88 were included as healthy controls. IBS-C patients had significantly lower intake of wholegrain products, fried foods, dairy products, fruits, and vegetables compared to healthy controls. The daily intake of energy, certain macronutrients, and micronutrients among IBS-C patients was significantly lower than the healthy subjects. Less than 5% of IBS-C patients and healthy subjects achieved the standard recommendation for dietary fiber. Also, various vitamin intake (B₁, B₂, B₆, folate, B₁₂, E, K, and potassium) among IBS-C patients did not meet the standard RNI.
Conclusions
Dietary intakes of IBS-C patients did not meet the recommended intake for Malaysian and showed the nutritional inadequacies compared to the control subjects. Our study highlighted the importance of dietary evaluation prior to planning strategies for dietary intervention targeting IBS-C patients.

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Zaleha Md Isa, Rosnah Ismail, Mohd Hasni Ja’afar, Noor Hassim Ismail, Azmi Mohd Tamil, Nafiza Mat Nasir, Noorhida Baharudin, Nurul Hafiza Ab Razak, Najihah Zainol Abidin, Victoria Miller, Khairul Hazdi Yusof
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13 Crossref

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases

Efficacy and tolerability of exclusive enteral nutrition in adult patients with complicated Crohn’s disease: Sanchit Sharma, Arti Gupta, Saurabh Kedia, Samagra Agarwal, Namrata Singh, Sandeep Goyal, Saransh Jain, Vipin Gupta, Pabitra Sahu, Sudheer Kumar Vuyyuru, Bhaskar Kante, Raju Sharma, Rajesh Panwar, Peush Sahni, Govind Makharia, Vineet Ahuja; Intest Res 2021;19(3):291-300. Published online May 26, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.09172

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN), an established modality for pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) is seldomly utilized in adults. The present study reports the outcome of EEN in adult CD patients at a tertiary care hospital in India.
Methods
This was a retrospective analysis of CD patients who received EEN as a sole modality/adjunct to other treatment. The primary and secondary outcomes changed in Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI), and clinical response (decline in CDAI > 70), respectively, at 4 and 8 weeks. Subgroup analysis evaluated response across different phenotypes, EEN formulations and prior treatment. Linear mixed effect model was created to assess the predictors of EEN response.
Results
Thirty-one CD patients received EEN over median duration of 4 weeks (range, 2–6 weeks). CDAI showed a significant improvement post EEN at 4 (baseline 290 [260–320] vs. 240 [180–280], P= 0.001) and 8 weeks (baseline 290 [260–320] vs. 186 [160–240], P= 0.001), respectively. The cumulative clinical response rates at 4 and 8 weeks were 37.3% and 80.4% respectively. The clinical response rates at 8 weeks across B1 (n = 4), B2 (n = 18) and B3 (n = 9) phenotypes were 50%, 78.8% and 100% respectively (log-rank test, P= 0.093). The response rates at 8 weeks with polymeric (n = 8) and semi-elemental diet (n = 23) were 75% and 82.6%% respectively (log-rank test, P= 0.49). Baseline CDAI (odds ratio, 1.008; 95% confidence interval, 1.002–1.017; P= 0.046) predicted response to EEN.
Conclusions
EEN was effective in inducing clinical response across different phenotypes of CD. Baseline disease activity remained the most important predictor of clinical response to EEN.

Citations

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Using machine learning to predict clinical remission with exclusive enteral nutrition in pediatric Crohn disease
Ricardo G. Suarez Suarez, Daniel G. McClement, Roberto Vega, Hien Q. Huynh, Ayub Shaikh, Anthony Otley, Kevan Jacobson, Mary Sherlock, David R. Mack, Colette Deslandres, Wael El‐Matary, Eileen Crowley, Jennifer deBruyn, Thomas Walters, Anne M. Griffiths,
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ECCO consensus on management of inflammatory bowel disease in low- and middle-income countries
Alaa El-Hussuna, Almuthe Christina Hauer, Tarkan Karakan, Valerie Pittet, Henit Yanai, Jalpa Devi, Jesus K Yamamoto-Furusho, Ali Reza Sima, Hailemichael Desalegn, Mutaz Idrees Sultan, Vishal Sharma, Hany Shehab, Lamya Mrabti, Natalia Queiroz, Anuraag Jena
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The Crohn's Disease Exclusion Diet Across the Lifespan, Indications and the Globe: An Expert Review Towards Personalized Therapy in Crohn's Disease
Rotem Sigall Boneh, Elena Banci, Luca Scarallo, Marta Herrador‐López, Emma P. Halmos, Dror S. Shouval, Nicolette Wierdsma, Chen Sarbagili‐Shabat, Víctor Manuel Navas‐López, Javier Martín‐de‐Carpi, Yulia Ron, Lindsey Albenberg, Henit Yanai, Franck Carbonne
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Exclusive enteral nutrition for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and real-world studies
Kirandeep Kaur, Arshdeep Singh, Simrat Kaur, Riya Sharma, Sanya Malik, Arshia Bhardwaj, Anuraag Jena, Ramit Mahajan, Vandana Midha, Ajit Sood
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2026; 45(3): 452. CrossRef
Exclusive enteral nutrition and infliximab combination therapy are superior to monotherapy in inducing endoscopic response in active adult Crohn’s disease
Xinglan Li, Xudong Wu, Dengfeng Kang, Leilei Fang, Changqin Liu, Yanhong Shi, Li Yang, Zhanju Liu, Liang Chen
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Xiaoxia Deng, Zicheng Huang, Qiuyue Xia, Zhaopeng Huang, Yue Wu, Yanhui Wu, Qing Li, Na Diao, Miao Li, Jian Tang, Qin Guo, Xiang Gao, Qing fan Yang, Kang Chao
Nutrition in Clinical Practice.2026; 41(4): 1144. CrossRef
Adjunct polymeric exclusive enteral nutrition helps achieve biochemical remission in active Crohn’s disease in adults irrespective of disease location and concomitant corticosteroid use
Hellen Kuo, Katrina Tognolini, Rumbidzai Mutsekwa, Dheeraj Shukla, Laura Willmann, Hadi Moattar, Alexander Dorrington, Naveed Ishaq, Maneesha Bhullar, John Edwards, Waled Mohsen, Pradeep Kakkadasam Ramaswamy
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Shabari Shenoy, Anuraag Jena, Carrie Levinson, Vishal Sharma, Parakkal Deepak, Tina Aswani-Omprakash, Shaji Sebastian, Jean-Frederic Colombel, Manasi Agrawal
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André Bargas, Carolina Palmela, Luisa Glória
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Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy Improves Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Related Diarrhea in Crohn's Disease: A Prospective Randomized Trial
Jian Kang, Jing Wang, Juan Su, Wei Wang, Yueyue Lu, Zhishun Tang, Liping Zou, Anning Yin, Jiao Li, Haixia Ren, Qian Zhou, Huipeng Wan, Ping An
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Fares Jamal, Mayar H Alatout, Muhammad Ali Khan, Syed B Pasha, Talha A Malik
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Raffaele Li Voti, Fabio Salvatore Macaluso, Elena Banci, Angelo Campanozzi, Giulia D’Arcangelo, Alessia De Blasi, Salvatore Oliva, Elena Sofia Pieri, Sara Renzo, Cosimo Ruggiero, Giusy Russo, Luca Scarallo, Paolo Lionetti, Ambrogio Orlando
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Duo Xu, Ziheng Peng, Yong Li, Qian Hou, Yu Peng, Xiaowei Liu
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Use of oral diet and nutrition support in management of stricturing and fistulizing Crohn's disease
Kush Fansiwala, Neha D. Shah, Kelly A. McNulty, Mary R. Kwaan, Berkeley N. Limketkai
Nutrition in Clinical Practice.2023; 38(6): 1282. CrossRef
Exclusive Enteral Nutrition Orchestrates Immunological Balances as Early as Week 4 in Adult Patients of Crohn’s Disease: A Pilot, Open-Lable Study
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Pradeep Kakkadasam Ramaswamy
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Aktualisierte S3-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie des Morbus Crohn“ der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Gastroenterologie, Verdauungs- und Stoffwechselkrankheiten (DGVS) – August 2021 – AWMF-Registernummer: 021-004
Andreas Sturm, Raja Atreya, Dominik Bettenworth, Bernd Bokemeyer, Axel Dignaß, Robert Ehehalt, Christoph Germer, Philip C. Grunert, Ulf Helwig, Klaus Herrlinger, Peter Kienle, Martin E. Kreis, Torsten Kucharzik, Jost Langhorst, Christian Maaser, Johann Oc
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Pabitra Sahu, Saurabh Kedia, Vineet Ahuja, Rakesh K. Tandon
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 40(3): 253. CrossRef
Review of exclusive enteral therapy in adult Crohn’s disease
Nikola Mitrev, Hin Huang, Barbara Hannah, Viraj Chandana Kariyawasam
BMJ Open Gastroenterology.2021; 8(1): e000745. CrossRef
Current Use of EEN in Pre-Operative Optimisation in Crohn’s Disease
Sharafaath Shariff, Gordon Moran, Caris Grimes, Rachel Margaret Cooney
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Roberto de Sire, Olga Maria Nardone, Anna Testa, Giulio Calabrese, Anna Caiazzo, Fabiana Castiglione
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Gastrointestinal Disorders.2020; 2(4): 353. CrossRef
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30 Crossref

Inflammatory bowel diseases

Exclusive enteral nutrition for induction of remission in anti-tumor necrosis factor refractory adult Crohn’s disease: the Indian experience: Ajit Sood, Arshdeep Singh, Ritu Sudhakar, Vandana Midha, Ramit Mahajan, Varun Mehta, Yogesh Kumar Gupta, Kirandeep Kaur; Intest Res 2020;18(2):184-191. Published online February 25, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.00094

Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader ePub

Background/Aims
Exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) is recommended for induction of remission in pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD). However, it is not currently recommended for inducing remission in adults. This report describes the use of 12-week EEN for induction of remission in anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) refractory adult CD.
Methods
This is a retrospective analysis of adults with moderate to severe active (Crohn’s Disease Activity Index [CDAI] >220) anti-TNF refractory CD, who received EEN for 12 weeks between April 2018 and March 2019 at Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India. Primary outcomes included achievement of clinical remission and fistula healing at 12 weeks. Improvement in inflammatory markers and nutritional status were the secondary end points.
Results
Out of 23 patients who received anti-TNF agents, 7 (30.4%) were refractory and were offered EEN as a salvage therapy. Six patients (66.7% females, mean age 25.6±6.5 years) consented. Four patients (66.6%) achieved clinical remission (CDAI <150). Mean CDAI of patients decreased significantly after 12 weeks of EEN (388.8±74.8 vs. 160.0±25.2, P<0.001). Perianal fistulas showed clinical response (drainage decreased by >50%), though none achieved remission. Entero-enteric fistulae showed complete healing. Mean body mass index improved from 15.6±3.1 to 18.9±1.9 kg/m² at week 12 (P=0.003). Hemoglobin and serum albumin also improved from 8.2±1.1 g/dL and 2.8±0.3 g/dL at baseline to 12.6±0.6 g/dL and 3.6±0.5 g/dL post-EEN respectively (P<0.001 and P=0.006 respectively).
Conclusions
EEN appears to be an effective and well tolerated therapy for induction of remission in anti-TNF refractory adult CD. More data from prospective trials with larger number of patients is required.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition as a salvage therapy in adults with Crohn’s disease refractory to biologic treatment
Yuchan Yang, Feng Zhu, Qiong Wu, Jiansheng Wang, Xueni Qiu, Song Li, Yi Xu, Jianfeng Gong
Nutrition.2026; 143: 113007. CrossRef
Research progress on exclusive enteral nutrition combined with biologics in the treatment of adult Crohn’s disease
Libumu Axi, Yufang Wang, Wenjian Meng
Journal of Crohn's and Colitis.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Exclusive enteral nutrition for induction of remission in Crohn’s disease in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials and real-world studies
Kirandeep Kaur, Arshdeep Singh, Simrat Kaur, Riya Sharma, Sanya Malik, Arshia Bhardwaj, Anuraag Jena, Ramit Mahajan, Vandana Midha, Ajit Sood
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2026; 45(3): 452. CrossRef
Exclusive enteral nutrition improves radiological outcomes in adults with perianal fistulizing Crohn's disease: A real‐world retrospective cohort study
Xiaoxia Deng, Zicheng Huang, Qiuyue Xia, Zhaopeng Huang, Yue Wu, Yanhui Wu, Qing Li, Na Diao, Miao Li, Jian Tang, Qin Guo, Xiang Gao, Qing fan Yang, Kang Chao
Nutrition in Clinical Practice.2026; 41(4): 1144. CrossRef
Adjunct polymeric exclusive enteral nutrition helps achieve biochemical remission in active Crohn’s disease in adults irrespective of disease location and concomitant corticosteroid use
Hellen Kuo, Katrina Tognolini, Rumbidzai Mutsekwa, Dheeraj Shukla, Laura Willmann, Hadi Moattar, Alexander Dorrington, Naveed Ishaq, Maneesha Bhullar, John Edwards, Waled Mohsen, Pradeep Kakkadasam Ramaswamy
Frontline Gastroenterology.2025; 16(1): 3. CrossRef
Enteral Nutrition in Crohn’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Its Role in Induction and Maintenance of Remission and Perioperative Management in Adult Patients
André Bargas, Carolina Palmela, Luisa Glória
Nutrients.2025; 17(9): 1481. CrossRef
Management of Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease
Arshdeep Singh, Vandana Midha, Gursimran Singh Kochhar, Bo Shen, Ajit Sood
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2024; 30(9): 1579. CrossRef
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Daniela Kosorínová, Pavlína Suchá, Zuzana Havlíčeková, Marek Pršo, Pavol Dvoran, Peter Bánovčin
Česko-slovenská pediatrie.2024; 79(4): 213. CrossRef
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging spectrum of complex perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease: A cohort study from northern India
Arshdeep Singh, Chandan Kakkar, Shreya Garg, Kirti Arora, Vandana Midha, Ramit Mahajan, Satpal Singh Virk, Narender Pal Jain, Dharmatma Singh, Kriti Sood, Ashish Tripathi, Dhruv Gupta, Ishita Gupta Kaushal, Ritu Dhawan Galhotra, Kavita Saggar, Ajit Sood
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 42(5): 668. CrossRef
Use of oral diet and nutrition support in management of stricturing and fistulizing Crohn's disease
Kush Fansiwala, Neha D. Shah, Kelly A. McNulty, Mary R. Kwaan, Berkeley N. Limketkai
Nutrition in Clinical Practice.2023; 38(6): 1282. CrossRef
Incidence and Prevalence of Inflammatory Bowel Disease across Asia
Jihye Park, Jae Hee Cheon
Yonsei Medical Journal.2021; 62(2): 99. CrossRef
Review of exclusive enteral therapy in adult Crohn’s disease
Nikola Mitrev, Hin Huang, Barbara Hannah, Viraj Chandana Kariyawasam
BMJ Open Gastroenterology.2021; 8(1): e000745. CrossRef
Pharmacogenetics-based personalized treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: A review
Ji Young Chang, Jae Hee Cheon
Precision and Future Medicine.2021; 5(4): 151. CrossRef
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Tadakazu Hisamatsu
Intestinal Research.2020; 18(2): 139. CrossRef

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201 Download
14 Web of Science
14 Crossref

Focused Reviews

IBD

Nutritional approach as therapeutic manipulation in inflammatory bowel disease: Jin Young Yoon; Intest Res 2019;17(4):463-475. Published online October 28, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.00078

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Malnutrition is observed more frequently in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) than in the general population and associated with adverse clinical outcomes. This study aimed to review the current knowledge regarding the efficacy of dietary and nutritional intervention in IBD patients. Exclusive enteral nutrition might be inferior to corticosteroid treatment in adults with active Crohn’s disease (CD) but might even be superior considering the adverse effects of corticosteroid treatment in children. Total parenteral nutrition has no advantage over enteral nutrition, which is considered a more physiologic modality in organ function. Current guidelines do not yet recommend ω3-polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation for the prevention and maintenance of remission in IBD patients. Dietary fiber supplementation could be effective in the relief of symptoms and maintenance of remission in ulcerative colitis (UC). Although vitamin D may be favorable to clinical course of IBD and bone density. Probiotic supplementation has proven to be effective in preventing and treating pouchitis for UC but is less effective in treating CD. Nutritional interventions not only correct nutritional deficiencies but also improve symptoms and clinical courses of the disease. Hence, nutritional approaches need to be developed to significantly evaluate the effectiveness of dietary interventions used to treat IBD.

Citations

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Carlo Covello, Guia Becherucci, Federica Di Vincenzo, Angelo Del Gaudio, Marco Pizzoferrato, Giovanni Cammarota, Antonio Gasbarrini, Franco Scaldaferri, Maria Chiara Mentella
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Leucine-Enriched Diet Reduces Fecal MPO but Does Not Protect Against DSS Colitis in a Mouse Model of Crohn’s Disease-like Ileitis
Drishtant Singh, Paola Menghini, Alexander Rodriguez-Palacios, Luca Di Martino, Fabio Cominelli, Abigail Raffner Basson
International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2024; 25(21): 11748. CrossRef
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İnflamatuvar bağırsak hastalıklarında hastalığa özgü aktivite indeksinin depresyon ve inflamatuvar belirteçler ile ilişkisi
Büşra YÜKSEL, Sinem BAYRAM, Mehmet CİNDORUK, Harun KÜÇÜK
Akademik Gastroenteroloji Dergisi.2022; 21(1): 15. CrossRef
Evaluation of nutritional status using bioelectrical impedance analysis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Seung Hyuk Kim, You Sun Kim, Si Hyeong Lee, Hyun Mi Lee, Won Eui Yoon, Seo Hyun Kim, Hee Jun Myung, Jeong Seop Moon
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Colorectal neoplasia

Nutritional issues in patients with cancer: Duk Hwan Kim; Intest Res 2019;17(4):455-462. Published online October 14, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.00076

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Cancer is a catabolic inflammatory disease that causes patients to often experience weight loss, or even cachexia in severe cases. Undernourishment in patients with cancer impairs the quality of life and therapeutic response, further leading to poor prognosis. Active and frequent nutritional screening and assessment using valid tools are important for fast and appropriate nutritional intervention. Additionally, a suitable individualized nutritional intervention strategy should be established based on the nutritional assessment result. In general, nutritional intervention begins with nutritional counseling of patients diagnosed with cancer, and a well-planned nutritional counseling improves the treatment adherence and nutritional status. When planning nutritional supplementation for cancer patients, specific nutrients, including amino acids and fatty acids, should be considered. However, there has been no consistent result showing that any particular nutrient significantly improves the prognosis of cancer patients. Hence, continuous attention from clinical physicians is needed to plan nutritional improvement in patients with cancer.

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Microbiota

Importance of nutritional therapy in the management of intestinal diseases: beyond energy and nutrient supply: Seong-Eun Kim; Intest Res 2019;17(4):443-454. Published online September 4, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.00075

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The gut is an immune-microbiome-epithelial complex. Gut microbiome-host interactions have widespread biological implications, and the role of this complex system extends beyond the digestion of food and nutrient absorption. Dietary nutrients can affect this complex and play a key role in determining gut homeostasis to maintain host health. In this article, we review various dietary nutrients and their contribution to the pathogenesis and treatment of various intestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, colorectal cancer, and diverticulitis, among other such disorders. A better understanding of diet-host-gut microbiome interactions is essential to provide beneficial nutrients for gut health and to limit nutritional hazards to ensure successful nutritional management of gastrointestinal conditions in clinical practice.

Citations

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Review

IBD

An overview of the role of exclusive enteral nutrition for complicated Crohn’s disease: Mustafa Adamji, Andrew S Day; Intest Res 2019;17(2):171-176. Published online December 3, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.00079

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

The role and efficacy of exclusive enteral nutrition (EEN) in the treatment of luminal Crohn’s disease (CD) has been well established over the last 2 decades. Consequently, in many centers nutritional therapy is now considered first line therapy in the induction of remission of active CD. However, the use of nutritional therapy in complicated CD has yet to be fully determined. This article aimed to review case reports and clinical trials published in the last decade that have considered and evaluated nutritional therapy in the setting of complicated CD in children and adults. Published literature focusing upon the use of nutritional therapy as part of medical therapy in the management of complicated CD were identified and reviewed. Although there continue to be various interventions utilized for complicated CD, the currently available literature demonstrates that nutritional therapies, especially EEN, have important roles in the management of these complex scenarios. Further assessments, involving large numbers of patients managed with consistent approaches, are required to further substantiate these roles.

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Original Articles

IBD

What nutritional factors influence bone mineral density in Crohn's disease patients?: Fernanda Gomes Coqueiro, Raquel Rocha, Camilla Almeida Menezes, Mirella Brasil Lopes, Vanessa Rosa Oliveira, Flora Maria Lorenzo Fortes, Genoile Oliveira Santana; Intest Res 2018;16(3):436-444. Published online July 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.3.436

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims

Bone mineral density (BMD) is often low in patients with Crohn's disease (CD). This study aimed to evaluate the association between nutritional factors and BMD in a group of CD patients.

Methods

CD patients 18 years of age or older were included. The body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and dietary intake were evaluated during two 24-hour recalls. Bone densitometry was performed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry of the full body to assess body composition and of the lumbar vertebrae and femoral neck to assess BMD.

Results

In the 60 patients evaluated, there was no association between BMD and disease activity or between BMD and disease duration. We observed moderate correlations between BMD in at least one of the evaluated sites and BMI, lean mass, WC, and protein, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium dietary intakes (P<0.05). In the linear regression analysis for spinal BMD, only BMI and calcium dietary intake remained associated (P<0.05). In the linear regression analysis for femoral BMD, WC and phosphorus intake continued to be significant in the final model, although they had low explanatory power for BMD (P<0.05).

Conclusions

The prevalence of low BMD was high in CD patients. BMI, WC, calcium and phosphorus dietary intake were positively correlated with BMD.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Gut, bone, and muscle: the triad of osteosarcopenia in inflammatory bowel disease
Shilpa Sharma
Intestinal Research.2025; 23(3): 254. CrossRef
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Weicheng Li, Zerui You, Chengyu Wang, Xiaofeng Lan, Fan Zhang, Zhibo Hu, Xiaoyu Chen, Zhanjie Luo, Yexian Zeng, Yiying Chen, Yifang Chen, Siming Mai, Robin Shao, Hanna Lu, Roger S. McIntyre, Xiangdong Sun, Yuping Ning, Yanling Zhou
Translational Psychiatry.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effect of Protein Nutritional Support on Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Its Potential Mechanisms
Qingye Li, Jing Wang
Nutrients.2024; 16(14): 2302. CrossRef
Assessment of dietary nutrient intake and its relationship to the nutritional status of patients with Crohn’s Disease in Guangdong Province of China
Hong Zheng, Xinbin Chen, Xiaoling Bu, Xia Qiu, Demeng Zhang, Yitong Zhou, Junlong Lin, Jinghong Li, Wenjun Ma, Ying Zheng
Nutrición Hospitalaria.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Serum N-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen as a biomarker for predicting bone density loss in patients with Crohn disease
Natsuki Ishida, Tomohiro Higuchi, Takahiro Miyazu, Satoshi Tamura, Satoshi Suzuki, Shinya Tani, Mihoko Yamade, Moriya Iwaizumi, Yasushi Hamaya, Satoshi Osawa, Takahisa Furuta, Ken Sugimoto, Mathilde Body-Malapel
PLOS ONE.2021; 16(4): e0250658. CrossRef
Osteoporosis Complications in Crohn's Disease Patients: Factors, Pathogenesis, and Treatment Outlines
Yaqot N Baban, Christopher M Edicheria, Joseph Joseph, Parneet Kaur, Jihan A Mostafa
Cureus.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Crohn Disease and Fracture Risk Assessment With FRAX
Grethe B Jonasson, Jack Hilon, Bengt Hasseus, Torgny Alstad, Hossein Kashani
Crohn's & Colitis 360.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

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Japanese physicians' attitudes towards enteral nutrition treatment for pediatric patients with Crohn's disease: a questionnaire survey: Takashi Ishige, Takeshi Tomomasa, Hitoshi Tajiri, Atsushi Yoden; Intest Res 2017;15(3):345-351. Published online June 12, 2017; DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2017.15.3.345

Abstract PDF PubReader ePub

Background/Aims

Enteral nutrition (EN) is recommended for the treatment of pediatric Crohn's disease (CD) in Japan. However, the indications and treatment protocols for EN vary among hospitals. In the present study, we aimed to determine how EN was administered to pediatric patients and whether physicians followed treatment guidelines in their practices.

Methods

Two types of questionnaires were administered to 32 physicians who were involved in the treatment of pediatric CD. The consensus questionnaire evaluated the physicians' attitudes towards EN, whereas the efficacy questionnaire collected data on patients with CD, aged <17 years, who had undergone induction therapy between 2006 and 2011.

Results

A total of 23 physicians responded to the questionnaires. The results of the consensus questionnaire indicated that 82% and 59% of study participants recommended EN treatment for all newly diagnosed pediatric patients with CD and all relapsed patients, respectively. Exclusive EN (EEN) and elemental formula were recommended by 84% and 85% of physicians, respectively. The efficacy questionnaire revealed that 57 of the 58 patients received EN. Elemental formula was used in 39 of 40 patients who were treated with EEN. Of these 40 patients, 27 were treated with EEN alone; of these, 22 (81%) achieved remission without any other treatment. The mean duration of EEN was 15.9 days.

Conclusions

EN is widely recommended by physicians treating pediatric CD in Japan. In contrast to Western countries, clinicians used elemental formula more often and with a shorter EEN treatment duration.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

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Nutrients.2023; 15(1): 232. CrossRef
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Juan Luo, Yong-Mei Xie, Mei Wu, Jin-Gui Zhao, Liang-Liang Hu
Frontiers in Medicine.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
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JGH Open.2019; 3(2): 148. CrossRef
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