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2 "Opportunistic infections"
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Original Article
Incidence and treatment-based risk stratification of opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: an ambispective cohort study in Brazil
José Eugenio Rios Ricci Jr, Tarsila Campanha da Rocha Ribeiro, Fernando Antonio Basile Colugnati, Lívia de Almeida Costa, Pedro de Morais, Jordana AS Lopes, Hugo B Araújo, Matheus A Pacheco, Mariana V de S Paulo, João Baptista de Paula Fraga, Lucélia Paula Cabral Schmidt, Thais de Andrade Almeida, Roberta Oliveira Raimundo Borsato, Liliana Andrade Chebli, Júlio Maria Fonseca Chebli
Received September 4, 2025  Accepted February 11, 2026  Published online May 21, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2025.00208    [Epub ahead of print]
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Background/Aims
The risk of opportunistic infections (OIs) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients in Latin America is poorly known. We assessed the incidence and stratified the risk of OIs in IBD patients on immunosuppressive therapies.
Methods
In this ambispective cohort study, we retrospectively analyzed the medical charts of IBD patients between March 2014 and March 2021 and prospectively analyzed those from April 2021 to April 2024. The incidence rate of OIs was expressed as the number per 1,000 patient-years (PY) and calculated for each treatment category. The risks of OIs associated with immunosuppressants were compared with exposure to aminosalicylates or no treatment using the Cox proportional hazards model.
Results
In a total of 3,279.6 PY of follow-up, OIs occurred in 60 of 498 patients (12.0%) with an incidence rate of 18.3 per 1,000 PY. The most common OIs were herpes zoster (HZ; n=28, 5.6%) and tuberculosis (n=17, 3.4%). The incidence rates of HZ and tuberculosis were 8.5 and 5.18 per 1,000 PY, respectively. Compared with patients on aminosalicylates or no treatment, the risk of OIs was higher in those on combination therapies with anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and thiopurines (hazard ratio [HR], 7.67; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.26–26.06), followed by thiopurine monotherapy (HR, 5.35; 95% CI, 1.56–18.3), and antiTNF monotherapy (HR, 5.04; 95% CI, 1.50–16.97).
Conclusions
IBD patients on long-term anti-TNF and/or thiopurine therapy had a higher risk of OIs, especially HZ and tuberculosis, compared with non-immunosuppressed patients. In the choice of therapies for IBD, the balance of individual drug effectiveness and safety is crucial.
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Statement
IBD
Evidence-based consensus on opportunistic infections in inflammatory bowel disease (republication)
Intest Res 2018;16(2):178-193.   Published online April 30, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.2.178
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients are a high-risk population for opportunistic infections. The IBD group of the Chinese Society of Gastroenterology of the Chinese Medical Association organized an expert group to discuss and develop this consensus opinion. This consensus opinion referenced clinical study results from China and other countries to provide guidance for clinical practices. Eight major topics, including cytomegalovirus infection, Epstein-Barr virus infection, viral hepatitis, bacterial infection, Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, fungal infection, parasitic infection, and vaccines were introduced in this article.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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    Ema Saltović, Brankica Mijandrušić-Sinčić, Alen Braut, Ivana Škrobonja, Ella Sever, Irena Glažar, Sonja Pezelj-Ribarić, Miranda Muhvić-Urek
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    Hong Yang, Zhihua Ran, Meng Jin, Jia-Ming Qian
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  • CYTOMEGALOVIRUS INFECTION IN INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES
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    Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • A rare case of disseminated histoplasmosis in a patient with Crohn’s disease on immunosuppressive treatment
    Bhavesh Bhut, Akshay Kulkarni, Varnika Rai, Vinita Agrawal, Abhai Verma, Manoj Jain, Rungmei S K Marak, Ajai Kumar Dixit, Uday C Ghoshal
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  • The importance of immunization in immune-mediated inflammatory disease cannot be overstated
    Sang Hyoung Park
    Intestinal Research.2018; 16(3): 325.     CrossRef
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  • 120 Download
  • 18 Web of Science
  • 22 Crossref
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