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Review
Population-based screening colonoscopy in Korea: balancing benefits and limitations
Hyoung Il Choi, Jae Myung Cha
Received August 22, 2025  Accepted September 28, 2025  Published online January 2, 2026  
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2025.00188    [Epub ahead of print]
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Population-based colonoscopy screening is considered one of the most effective strategies for reducing the incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer. Its major strength lies in its dual benefits: early detection of colorectal cancer and prevention via the removal of precancerous lesions. Colonoscopy has a high sensitivity and provides a full colonic evaluation in a single session, thereby reducing the need for frequent testing. However, this approach has notable limitations. Colonoscopy is an invasive procedure associated with rare but serious complications such as perforation and bleeding. Participation rates tend to be lower than those of noninvasive methods like fecal immunochemical tests. Additionally, implementing colonoscopy as a populationbased tool requires significant resources, including trained endoscopists, endoscopy facilities, and financial investments. The quality of colonoscopy may also vary depending on the operator’s skill and adherence to guidelines. Given these trade-offs, population-based colonoscopy screening must be carefully evaluated in terms of cost-effectiveness, feasibility, and public acceptance within each country’s healthcare system. Therefore, population-based colonoscopy screening should be approached with a balanced understanding of its benefits and limitations to ensure cost-effectiveness, feasibility, alignment with each country’s healthcare infrastructure, and integration with existing screening programs.
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Original Articles
Tumor
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical practices related to colorectal cancer and colonoscopy in South Korea: a nationwide population-based study
Jin Young Yoon, Moon Hyung Lee, Min Seob Kwak, Jae Myung Cha
Intest Res 2025;23(1):85-95.   Published online November 29, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2024.00066
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background/Aims
Despite of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there is little data regarding its impact on colorectal cancer (CRC)-related clinical practice. This study aimed to assess the changes in its impact during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Methods
This was a retrospective national population-based study using the Health Insurance Review and Assessment database from January 2019 to December 2021. The number of patients in 2020 and 2021 was compared with those in 2019 for the diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopy, CRC-related operation, and any treatment for CRC.
Results
The annual number of patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopies decreased by 6.9% in 2020 but increased 8.1% in 2021, compared to those in 2019; number of patients undergoing therapeutic colonoscopies increased by 6.0% and 37.7% in 2020 and 2021, respectively; number of patients operated for CRC decreased by 4.2% in 2020 and increased by 2.3% in 2021. The number of patients treated for CRC decreased by 2.8% in 2020 and increased by 4.4% in 2021. Diagnostic and therapeutic colonoscopies and any CRC-related treatment decreased by 43.8%, 37.5%, and 11.3% in March 2020, during the first surge of COVID-19, but increased by 26.0%, 58.1%, and 9.5% in June 2021, respectively. CRC-related operations decreased by 24.1% in April 2020 and increased by 12.6% in August 2021.
Conclusions
Negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical practices related to CRC completely recovered within second year. It could be considered for the development of an optimal strategy on CRC management in response to the pandemic-driven crisis.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Achievements and Future Directions of the National Colorectal Cancer Screening Program in Korea
    Tae-Woo Kim, Soo-Young Na
    The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2026; 86(2): 104.     CrossRef
  • The impact of COVID-19 on clinical practices of colorectal cancer in South Korea
    Kwang Woo Kim, Hyoun Woo Kang
    Intestinal Research.2025; 23(1): 6.     CrossRef
  • 5,802 View
  • 56 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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Colorectal neoplasia
The elderly population are more vulnerable for the management of colorectal cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide, population-based study
Hong Sun Kang, Seung Hoon Jeon, Su Bee Park, Jin Young Youn, Min Seob Kwak, Jae Myung Cha
Intest Res 2023;21(4):500-509.   Published online August 29, 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2023.00004
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background/Aims
The impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the management of colorectal cancer (CRC) may worse in elderly population, as almost all COVID-19 deaths occurred in the elderly patients. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of COVID-19 on CRC management in the elderly population.
Methods
The numbers of patients who underwent colonoscopy, who visited hospitals or operated for CRC in 2020 and 2021 (COVID-19 era) were compared with those in 2019, according to 3 age groups (≥70 years, 50–69 years, and ≤49 years), based on the nationwide, population-based database (2019–2021) in South Korea.
Results
The annual volumes of colonoscopy and hospital visits for CRC in 2020 were more significantly declined in the old age group than in the young age group (both P<0.001). In addition, the annual volume of patients operated for CRC numerically more declined in old age group than in young age group. During the first surge of COVID-19 (March and April 2020), old age patients showed statistically significant declines for the monthly number of colonoscopies (–46.5% vs. –39.3%, P<0.001), hospital visits (–15.4% vs. –7.9%, P<0.001), CRC operations (–33.8% vs. –0.7%, P<0.05), and colonoscopic polypectomies (–41.8% vs. –38.0%, P<0.001) than young age patients, compared with those of same months in 2019.
Conclusions
Elderly population are more vulnerable for the management of CRC during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the elderly population are more carefully cared for in the management of CRC during the next pandemic.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • The impact of COVID-19 on clinical practices of colorectal cancer in South Korea
    Kwang Woo Kim, Hyoun Woo Kang
    Intestinal Research.2025; 23(1): 6.     CrossRef
  • To overcome medical gap in screening and surveillance of colorectal cancer during the COVID-19 pandemic
    Yoo Min Han
    Intestinal Research.2023; 21(4): 418.     CrossRef
  • 6,076 View
  • 205 Download
  • 2 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
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Reviews
Endoscopy
Quality is the key for emerging issues of population-based colonoscopy screening
Jin Young Yoon, Jae Myung Cha, Yoon Tae Jeen
Intest Res 2018;16(1):48-54.   Published online January 18, 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.48
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Colonoscopy is currently regarded as the gold standard and preferred method of screening for colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the benefit of colonoscopy screening may be blunted by low participation rates in population-based screening programs. Harmful effects of population-based colonoscopy screening may include complications induced by colonoscopy itself and by sedation, psychosocial distress, potential over-diagnosis, and socioeconomic burden. In addition, harmful effects of colonoscopy may increase with age and comorbidities. As the risk of adverse events in population-based colonoscopy screening may offset the benefit, the adverse events should be managed and monitored. To adopt population-based colonoscopy screening, consensus on the risks and benefits should be developed, focusing on potential harm, patient preference, socioeconomic considerations, and quality improvement of colonoscopy, as well as efficacy for CRC prevention. As suboptimal colonoscopy quality is a major pitfall of population-based screening, adequate training and regulation of screening colonoscopists should be the first step in minimizing variations in quality. Gastroenterologists should promote quality improvement, auditing, and training for colonoscopy in a population-based screening program.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Mixed lesions in premalignant colorectal polyps
    Toru Arano, Toshihiro Nishizawa, Hidenobu Watanabe, Mari Mizutani, Teppei Akimoto, Masaya Sano, Hirotoshi Ebinuma, Hidekazu Suzuki, Keisuke Hata, Osamu Toyoshima
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    Tomas Bertok, Andrea Pinkeova, Lenka Lorencova, Anna Datkova, Michal Hires, Eduard Jane, Jan Tkac
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    BMC Gastroenterology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Joo Hye Song, Eun Ran Kim
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2024; 39(4): 547.     CrossRef
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    Yong Eun Park
    The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2023; 38(2): 264.     CrossRef
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    International Journal of Preventive Medicine.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Tae-Geun Gweon, Kang-Moon Lee, Seung-Woo Lee, Dae Bum Kim, Jeong-Seon Ji, Ji Min Lee, Woo Chul Chung, Chang-Nyol Paik, Hwang Choi
    Gastrointestinal Endoscopy.2021; 94(1): 148.     CrossRef
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    Surgical Endoscopy.2020; 34(12): 5461.     CrossRef
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    Yoon Suk Jung
    Gut and Liver.2020; 14(3): 277.     CrossRef
  • UEG Week 2018 Poster Presentations

    United European Gastroenterology Journal.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
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  • 72 Download
  • 13 Web of Science
  • 14 Crossref
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Would You Recommend Screening Colonoscopy for the Very Elderly?
Jae Myung Cha
Intest Res 2014;12(4):275-280.   Published online October 27, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2014.12.4.275
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Life expectancy in Korea has increased, and the number of screening colonoscopies in the elderly has also dramatically increased. The net benefit of colonoscopy in the very elderly (≥80 years of age as defined by the World Health Organization) may be reduced because of the competing risk of mortality due to other diseases. Therefore, the decision to perform screening colonoscopy may be more complex in this age group. As the potential increase in life expectancy due to screening colonoscopy is significantly reduced in the very elderly, this procedure should be limited to those among the very elderly who have substantial life expectancies. Furthermore, considering the common major complications associated with colonoscopy, poor bowel preparation, and the possibility of incomplete colonoscopies in the very elderly, the performance of screening colonoscopy in the very elderly may not be an ideal recommendation. In terms of providing the greatest benefit to the most number of people, patients with the highest potential gain in terms of life expectancy, relative to the diagnostic yield, should be targeted for colonoscopy screening. This review addresses the unique considerations regarding screening colonoscopy in the very elderly and the individualized approach, which involves the weighing of the risks and benefits for each individual with consideration of their overall health status.

Citations

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  • 55 Download
  • 16 Web of Science
  • 15 Crossref
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Impact of Sigmoidoscopy and Colonoscopy on Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality: An Evidence-Based Review of Published Prospective and Retrospective Studies
Otto S. Lin, Richard A. Kozarek, Jae Myung Cha
Intest Res 2014;12(4):268-274.   Published online October 27, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2014.12.4.268
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub

Screening for colorectal cancer (CRC) using sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy is now common in many developed countries. This concise, evidence-based review looks at the impact of sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy screening on CRC incidence, CRC mortality and overall mortality. Data from controlled retrospective and prospective (observational or randomized) studies have generally shown that sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy, whether for diagnostic, screening or surveillance purposes, are associated with a significant reduction in CRC incidence and CRC mortality. The data on their impact on overall mortality is much more limited, with most studies unable to report a reduction in overall mortality. The results of three meta-analyses have confirmed these conclusions. As expected, sigmoidoscopy has a predominant effect on left-sided CRC, although some studies have shown modest effects on right-sided colon cancer as well. Most studies on colonoscopy have demonstrated that the protective effect applies to both right and left-sided cancer, although the protection seemed better on the left side. Despite the introduction of other screening and diagnostic modalities for the colon, such as computed tomography colonography and colonic capsule endoscopy, lower endoscopy will continue to be an important mode of screening for CRC and evaluating the colon.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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Original Article
Association of Gallbladder Polyp with the Risk of Colorectal Adenoma
Jung Won Jeun, Jae Myung Cha, Joung Il Lee, Kwang Ro Joo, Hyun Phil Shin, Jun Uk Lim
Intest Res 2014;12(1):48-52.   Published online January 28, 2014
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2014.12.1.48
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
<b>Background/Aims</b><br/>

Gallbladder polyps and colorectal adenomas share many common risk factors; however, their association has never been studied. The aim of this study was to investigate this association in asymptomatic healthy subjects.

Methods

Consecutive asymptomatic subjects who underwent both screening colonoscopy and abdominal ultrasonography at Kyung Hee University Hospital in Gang Dong between July 2010 and April 2011 were prospectively enrolled. The prevalence of colorectal adenoma was compared between subjects with or without gallbladder polyps. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the independent risk factors for colorectal adenoma in these subjects.

Results

Of the 581 participants, 55 presented with gallbladder polyps and 526 did not have gallbladder polyps. Participants with gallbladder polyps showed a trend toward a higher prevalence of colorectal adenoma than those without gallbladder polyps (52.7% vs. 39.2%, P=0.051). Although the result was not statistically significant, gallbladder polyps were found to be a possible risk factor for colorectal adenoma (odds ratio=1.796, 95% confidence interval=0.986-3.269, P=0.055), even after adjusting for potential confounding factors. There was no difference observed in colorectal adenoma characteristics between the two groups.

Conclusions

Our results suggest a possible association between gallbladder polyps and colorectal adenomas. Future studies with larger cohorts are warranted to further investigate this matter.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
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