Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are well known to be associated with serious upper gastrointestinal complications, such as peptic ulcer, bleeding, perforation, and obstruction. Recently, attention has been mainly focused on the small bowel injuries caused by NSAIDs, and new endoscopic techniques such as capsule endoscopy and double balloon endoscopy can help in detecting such injuries. This article reviewed the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of small bowel injuries caused by NSAIDs. Small bowel injures by NSAIDs might occur with a similar frequency and extent as those observed in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The pathogenesis of NSAID-induced enteropathy is complex and not clearly understood. The various lesions observed in the small bowel, including petechiae, reddened folds, loss of villi, erosions, and ulcers can be detected by capsule endoscopy. A drug that could prevent or treat NSAID-induced enteropathy has not yet been developed. Therefore, further investigations should be performed to elucidate the pathogenesis of such enteropathy and develop suitable preventive and treatment strategies.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  

• Risk of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug (NSAID) and Proton Pump Inhibitor Users Compared with NSAID-Only Users: A Common Data Model Analysis
  Moonhyung Lee, Myoungsuk Kim, Jae Myung Cha
  Gut and Liver.2025; 19(2): 243.     CrossRef
• Celecoxib is the only nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug to inhibit bone progression in spondyloarthritis
  Jin Sun Choi, Ji-Young Kim, Min-joo Ahn, Seungtaek Song, Doyoun Kim, Sung Hoon Choi, Ye-Soo Park, Tae-Jong Kim, Sungsin Jo, Tae-Hwan Kim, Seung Cheol Shim
  BMB Reports.2025; 58(3): 140.     CrossRef
• Non-celiac Enteropathies
  Kaitlyn Mi, Scarlett Cao, Dawn Adams
  Current Gastroenterology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Genetic Mutations and Small Bowel Ulcerating Disease: Role in Diagnosis?
  Rangesh Modi, Tanner Storozuk, Namrata Setia
  Current Gastroenterology Reports.2025;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Prescription of NSAIDs and proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased faecal calprotectin levels in patients with functional bowel disorder: an observational study
  Alice Sandberg-Janzon, Pontus Karling
  Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; : 1.     CrossRef
• Evaluation of the effects of Vishesha Shodhit Guggulu and its marketed formulation on the intestinal mucosa in experimental rats
  Sarita Dabba, Dinesh Uchil, Chitra Athavale, Mukesh Chawda, Sangam Narvekar, Megha Nalawade, Nirmala Rege
  Journal of Drug Research in Ayurvedic Sciences.2025; 10(2): 155.     CrossRef
• Integrated approach to reducing polypharmacy in older people: exploring the role of oxidative stress and antioxidant potential therapy
  Catalina Rojas-Solé, Víctor Pinilla-González, José Lillo-Moya, Tommy González-Fernández, Luciano Saso, Ramón Rodrigo
  Redox Report.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug induced intestinal stricturing: diaphragm disease
  Nathan Johnson, Maseera Solkar, Rishabh Sehgal, Kallingal Riyad
  Journal of Surgical Case Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Jejunal Diverticulosis: An Atypical Lead Point for Small Bowel Volvulus
  Divij Agarwal, Iqbal Ali, Varun Shetty
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictors of elevated C-reactive protein among pre-treatment, newly diagnosed breast cancer patients: A cross-sectional study
  Wai Han Ng, Zalina Abu Zaid, Barakatun Nisak Mohd Yusof, Syafinaz Amin Nordin, Poh Ying Lim
  Cancer Treatment and Research Communications.2024; 39: 100813.     CrossRef
• Diagnosis of Small Intestinal Diaphragms and Strictures Induced by Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs Through Intraoperative Enteroscopy: A Case Study From Saudi Arabia
  Rafaat M Chakik, Nasser I Alqahtani, Yahia Al-Hagawi, Saeed Nasser Alsharif, Abdullah S Alqahtani, Dawlah Hadi Asiri, Salihah Y Al-Mani
  Cureus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• DA-9601 has protective effects comparable to those of proton pump inhibitor and rebamipide against nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs-induced upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide study using Korea
  Min Wook So, Aran Kim, Seung-Geun Lee
  Medicine.2024; 103(27): e38801.     CrossRef
• NSAID-Induced Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: A Case Report
  Mahmoud Nafie, Weeraput Chadbunchachai, Christo Lapa, Stephen Gregory, Joseph William Nunoo-Mensah
  World Journal of Colorectal Surgery.2024; 13(2): 49.     CrossRef
• Drugs Effective for Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs or Aspirin-induced Small Bowel Injuries
  Younghee Choe, Jae Myung Park, Joon Sung Kim, Yu Kyung Cho, Byung-Wook Kim, Myung-Gyu Choi, Na Jin Kim
  Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2024; 58(10): 1003.     CrossRef
• Massive Gastrointestinal Bleeding Related to NSAID Use in a Patient with Ileorectal Anastomosis
  Esere Nesiama, Letisha Mirembe, Kierra Weber, Sruthy Isaac, Deborah Trammell, Izi Obokhare, Andee Dzulkarnaen Zakaria
  Case Reports in Surgery.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Rebamipide Prevents the Hemoglobin Drop Related to Mucosal-Damaging Agents at a Level Comparable to Proton Pump Inhibitors
  Ji Eun Kim, Yeong Chan Lee, Tae Se Kim, Eun Ran Kim, Sung Noh Hong, Young-Ho Kim, Kyunga Kim, Dong Kyung Chang
  Gut and Liver.2024; 18(6): 1026.     CrossRef
• Effect of tegoprazan, a novel potassium-competitive acid blocker, on non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)-induced enteropathy
  Hyun Jung Lee, Ji Wook Moon, Seong-Joon Koh, Jong Pil Im, Byeong Gwan Kim, Joo Sung Kim
  Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Automedicação e úlcera péptica induzida por AINEs
  Maria Luiza Almeida Sena, Thalita Novais Reis, Mateus Brancutti Farina Mafessoni, Emily Moraes Libardi, Sarah Fernandes Teixeira
  Cuadernos de Educación y Desarrollo.2024; 16(12 Edição ): e6495.     CrossRef
• Diaphragmatic small bowel disease in a patient with resistant migraine and medication overuse treated with galcanezumab
  Marilena Marcosano, Nicoletta Brunelli, Alessandro Alesina, Luisa Fofi, Claudia Altamura, Fabrizio Vernieri
  Confinia Cephalalgica.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
• A Practical Index to Distinguish Backwash Ileitis From Crohn’s Terminal Ileitis in MR Enterography
  Bardia Khosravi, Aneseh Salehnia, Neda Pak, S Ali Montazeri, Ali Reza Sima, Homayoun Vahedi, Reza Malekzadeh, Amir Reza Radmard
  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2023; 29(1): 42.     CrossRef
• Toxic effects of naproxen on the intestine of the goldfish, Carassius auratus
  Jing Wang, Weijing Kong, Qianhang Sun, Xin Zheng, Shuping Wang, Zhenguang Yan
  Molecular & Cellular Toxicology.2023; 19(4): 667.     CrossRef
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): A current insight into its molecular mechanism eliciting organ toxicities
  Nagesh Kishan Panchal, Evan Prince Sabina
  Food and Chemical Toxicology.2023; 172: 113598.     CrossRef
• Extract of Laurus nobilis attenuates inflammation and epithelial ulcerations in an experimental model of inflammatory bowel disease
  Natalie Correa, Robert Orlando
  WikiJournal of Medicine.2023; 10(1): 2.     CrossRef
• Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Induced Jejunal Ulcer Identified by Capsule Endoscopy
  Salman B. Syed, Ishaan Vohra, Sonu Dhillon, Omar S. Khokhar
  ACG Case Reports Journal.2023; 10(3): e00969.     CrossRef
• AINE, toxicidad gastrointestinal y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal
  Gonzalo Hijos-Mallada, Carlos Sostres, Fernando Gomollón
  Gastroenterología y Hepatología.2022; 45(3): 215.     CrossRef
• Gastrointestinal and cardiovascular adverse events associated with NSAIDs
  María-José Domper Arnal, Gonzalo Hijos-Mallada, Angel Lanas
  Expert Opinion on Drug Safety.2022; 21(3): 373.     CrossRef
• Protection against indomethacin-induced loss of intestinal epithelial barrier function by a quercetin oxidation metabolite present in onion peel: In vitro and in vivo studies
  Jocelyn Fuentes, Oscar Brunser, Elías Atala, José Herranz, Adriano Costa de Camargo, Hermann Zbinden-Foncea, Hernán Speisky
  The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry.2022; 100: 108886.     CrossRef
• Reducing Pain in Experimental Models of Intestinal Inflammation Affects the Immune Response
  Laura Golusda, Anja A Kühl, Britta Siegmund, Daniela Paclik
  Inflammatory Bowel Diseases.2022; 28(5): 801.     CrossRef
• Revisiting the Oxidation of Flavonoids: Loss, Conservation or Enhancement of Their Antioxidant Properties
  Hernan Speisky, Fereidoon Shahidi, Adriano Costa de Camargo, Jocelyn Fuentes
  Antioxidants.2022; 11(1): 133.     CrossRef
• Comprehensive Evaluation and Unique Morphologic Features of Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID) Enteropathy in the Terminal Ileum
  Jessica Nguyen, Sherry Lee, Guang-Yu Yang
  International Journal of Surgical Pathology.2022; 30(6): 616.     CrossRef
• NSAIDs, gastrointestinal toxicity and inflammatory bowel disease
  Gonzalo Hijos-Mallada, Carlos Sostres, Fernando Gomollón
  Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition).2022; 45(3): 215.     CrossRef
• Effect of the combination of mexidol and diclofenac sodium on exudative inflammation in rats after ten-day preventive oral administration
  E. A. Ivanova, A. G. Vasilchuk, A. I. Matyushkin, T. A. Voronina
  Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics.2022; (1): 14.     CrossRef
• The role of Zinc L-Carnosine in the prevention and treatment of gastrointestinal mucosal disease in humans: a review.
  Konstantinos Efthymakis, Matteo Neri
  Clinics and Research in Hepatology and Gastroenterology.2022; 46(7): 101954.     CrossRef
• Therapeutic Versus Preventative Use of Ginkgo biloba Extract (EGb 761) against Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcer in Mice
  Ahmed M. Abd-Eldayem, Sulaiman Mohammed Alnasser, Hanan H. Abd-Elhafeez, Soha A. Soliman, Rania A. Abdel-Emam
  Molecules.2022; 27(17): 5598.     CrossRef
• Effects of Canine-Obtained Lactic-Acid Bacteria on the Fecal Microbiota and Inflammatory Markers in Dogs Receiving Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Treatment
  Kristin M. V. Herstad, Hilde Vinje, Ellen Skancke, Terese Næverdal, Francisca Corral, Ann-Katrin Llarena, Romy M. Heilmann, Jan S. Suchodolski, Joerg M. Steiner, Nicole Frost Nyquist
  Animals.2022; 12(19): 2519.     CrossRef
• The Different Patterns of Over-the-Counter Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs or Analgesics Use in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease and the General Population
  Maria Mulka-Gierek, Natalia Krata, Bartosz Foroncewicz, Leszek Pączek, Krzysztof Mucha
  Healthcare.2022; 10(10): 2035.     CrossRef
• Manifestaciones gastrointestinales de la enfermedad de Behçet
  Nicolás Zuluaga Arbeláez, Oscar Mauricio Ardila Suarez, Andrés Chavarriaga Restrepo, Wilmer Gerardo Rojas-Zuleta
  CES Medicina.2022; 36(3): 86.     CrossRef
• Iron Deficiency Anaemia and Anaemia of Inflammation in Enteropathies Caused by Commonest Small Intestine Disorders: Current Evidence
  Olesja Basina, Jelena Derova, Aleksejs Derovs, Sandra Lejniece
  Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences..2022; 76(5-6): 561.     CrossRef
• Prominent Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy in Fcgriib Defi-cient lupus Mice: An Impact of Macrophage Responses and Immune Deposition in Gut
  Thansita Bhunyakarnjanarat, Kanyarat Udompornpitak, Wilasinee Saisorn, Bhumdhanin Chantraprapawat, Peerapat Visitchanakun, Cong Phi Dang, Jiraphorn Issara-Amphorn, Asada Leelahavanichkul
  International Journal of Molecular Sciences.2021; 22(3): 1377.     CrossRef
• Quercetin Oxidation Metabolite Present in Onion Peel Protects Caco-2 Cells against the Oxidative Stress, NF-kB Activation, and Loss of Epithelial Barrier Function Induced by NSAIDs
  Jocelyn Fuentes, Adriano Costa de Camargo, Elías Atala, Martín Gotteland, Claudio Olea-Azar, Hernán Speisky
  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.2021; 69(7): 2157.     CrossRef
• Clinical Course of Terminal Ileal Ulcers Observed Incidentally During Colonoscopy
  Jae Hyun Kim, Jong Yoon Lee, Yong Eun Park, Jong Hoon Lee, Jongha Park, Tae Oh Kim, Won Moon, Seun Ja Park
  Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2021; 66(12): 4423.     CrossRef
• Synergistic Action of Diclofenac with Endotoxin-Mediated Inflammation Exacerbates Intestinal Injury in Vitro
  Wen Li Kelly Chen, Emily Suter, Hikaru Miyazaki, Jason Velazquez, Douglas A. Lauffenburger, Linda G. Griffith, Rebecca L. Carrier
  ACS Infectious Diseases.2021; 7(4): 838.     CrossRef
• Pure Total Flavonoids From Citrus Protect Against Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug-Induced Small Intestine Injury by Promoting Autophagy in vivo and in vitro
  Shanshan Chen, Jianping Jiang, Guanqun Chao, Xiaojie Hong, Haijun Cao, Shuo Zhang
  Frontiers in Pharmacology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• MODULATION OF MELOXICAM-INDUCED CHANGES IN GASTROINTESTINAL AND MOTOR ACTIVITY OF THE STOMACH BY APPLYING PLACENTA CRYOEXTRACT
  Fedir Hladkykh, Mykola Chyzh
  Proceedings of the Shevchenko Scientific Society. Medical Sciences.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Phytochemical Investigation and HPTLC Fingerprinting Analysis ofSelaginella bryopterisEthanolic Plant Extract for Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Activities in Animals
  Shravan Kumar Paswan, Pritt Verma, Lubna Azmi, Sajal Srivastava, Chandana Venkateswara Rao
  Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature.2021; 11(4): 395.     CrossRef
• RETRACTED ARTICLE: Expansion of monocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells ameliorated intestinal inflammatory response by radiation through SOCS3 expression
  You Yeon Choi, Ki Moon Seong, Hyun Jung Lee, Seung Sook Lee, Areumnuri Kim
  Cell Death & Disease.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Salicylic Acid Analogues of Celecoxib as a New Class of Selective Cyclooxygenase-1 Inhibitor
  Sung-Hwa Yoon, Duk-Yeon Cho, Seoung-ryoung Choi, Joo-young Lee, Dong-Kug Choi, Eunha Kim, Ju-Young Park
  Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin.2021; 44(9): 1230.     CrossRef
• Mucoprotective drugs can prevent and treat nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced small bowel enteropathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
  Brigitta Teutsch, Eszter Boros, Szilárd Váncsa, Alex Váradi, Levente Frim, Szabolcs Kiss, Fanni Dembrovszky, Zsuzsanna Helyes, Sarlós Patrícia, Hegyi Péter, Bálint Erőss
  Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Predictors of Positive Video Capsule Endoscopy Findings for Chronic Unexplained Abdominal Pain: Single-Center Retrospective Study and Meta-Analysis
  Wonshik Kim, Beomjae Lee, Ahyoung Yoo, Seunghan Kim, Moonkyung Joo, Jong-Jae Park
  Diagnostics.2021; 11(11): 2123.     CrossRef
• NSAID-Induced Enteropathy Affects Regulation of Hepatic Glucose Production by Decreasing GLP-1 Secretion
  Hussein Herz, Yang Song, Yuanchao Ye, Liping Tian, Benjamin Linden, Marwa Abu El Haija, Yi Chu, Justin L. Grobe, Randall W. Lengeling, Mohamad Mokadem
  Nutrients.2021; 14(1): 120.     CrossRef
• Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Diclofenac Sodium on Background of Its Combined Use With Cryopreserved Placenta Extract in Experiment
  Fedir Hladkykh
  Problems of Cryobiology and Cryomedicine.2021; 31(4): 364.     CrossRef
• Utility of intestinal ultrasound in the diagnosis and short-term follow-up of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy
  Matteo Pistoia, Tiziano Perrone, Anna Fiengo, Marco Vincenzo Lenti, Antonio Di Sabatino
  Internal and Emergency Medicine.2020; 15(4): 729.     CrossRef
• Consenso mexicano sobre diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de la gastropatía y enteropatía por antiinflamatorios no esteroideos
  M.V. Bielsa-Fernández, J.L. Tamayo-de la Cuesta, J. Lizárraga-López, J.M. Remes-Troche, R. Carmona-Sánchez, J.M. Aldana-Ledesma, J.M. Avendaño-Reyes, M.A. Ballesteros-Amozorrutia, M. De Ariño, L. de Giau-Triulzi, R. Flores-Rendón, H. Huerta-Guerrero, J.A.
  Revista de Gastroenterología de México.2020; 85(2): 190.     CrossRef
• The Mexican consensus on the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of NSAID-induced gastropathy and enteropathy
  M.V. Bielsa-Fernández, J.L. Tamayo-de la Cuesta, J. Lizárraga-López, J.M. Remes-Troche, R. Carmona-Sánchez, J.M. Aldana-Ledesma, J.M. Avendaño-Reyes, M.A. Ballesteros-Amozorrutia, M. De Ariño, L. de Giau-Triulzi, R. Flores-Rendón, H. Huerta-Guerrero, J.A.
  Revista de Gastroenterología de México (English Edition).2020; 85(2): 190.     CrossRef
• Impact of host and environmental factors on β-glucuronidase enzymatic activity: implications for gastrointestinal serotonin
  Jacinta Walsh, Loreto Olavarria-Ramirez, Gilliard Lach, Marcus Boehme, Timothy G. Dinan, John F. Cryan, Brendan T. Griffin, Niall P. Hyland, Gerard Clarke
  American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology.2020; 318(4): G816.     CrossRef
• Glycomacropeptide Ameliorates Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy in Rats by Modifying Intestinal Inflammation and Oxidative Stress
  Daniel Cervantes-García, Armida I. Bahena-Delgado, Mariela Jiménez, Laura E. Córdova-Dávalos, Vanessa Ruiz-Esparza Palacios, Esperanza Sánchez-Alemán, María C. Martínez-Saldaña, Eva Salinas
  Molecules.2020; 25(10): 2351.     CrossRef
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced enteropathy as a major risk factor for small bowel bleeding: a retrospective study
  Doo-Ho Lim, Kyoungwon Jung, Seung Bum Lee, In Kyu Park, Hee Jeong Cha, Jae Ho Park, Byung Gyu Kim, Seok Won Jung, In Du Jeong, Jae Hyun Kim, Sung Eun Kim, Won Moon, Moo In Park, Seun Ja Park
  BMC Gastroenterology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and organ damage: A current perspective
  Samik Bindu, Somnath Mazumder, Uday Bandyopadhyay
  Biochemical Pharmacology.2020; 180: 114147.     CrossRef
• NSAID–Gut Microbiota Interactions
  Damian Maseda, Emanuela Ricciotti
  Frontiers in Pharmacology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Minimal Lesions of the Small Intestinal Mucosa: More than Morphology
  Umberto Volta, Giacomo Caio, Caterina Ghirardi, Lisa Lungaro, Pasquale Mansueto, Antonio Carroccio, Roberto De Giorgio
  Digestive Diseases and Sciences.2020; 65(10): 2761.     CrossRef
• The Protective Effect of Lercanidipine on Indomethacin-Induced Gastric Ulcers in Rats
  Durdu Altuner, Tuğba Kaya, Halis Suleyman
  Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Investigation of small intestinal lesions in dialysis patients using capsule endoscopy
  Fumitaka Nakajima, Yoshiyuki Furumatsu, Takatomi Yurugi, Yoshifumi Amari, Takeshi Iida, Takayuki Fukui, Takanori Kuramoto
  Hemodialysis International.2019; 23(1): 77.     CrossRef
• Gastroprotective effect of memantine in indomethacin-induced peptic ulcer in rats, a possible role for potassium channels
  Remon R. Rofaeil, Shereen S. Gaber
  Life Sciences.2019; 217: 164.     CrossRef
• Proton pump inhibitor use is associated with elevated faecal calprotectin levels. A cross-sectional study on subjects referred for colonoscopy
  David Lundgren, Vincy Eklöf, Richard Palmqvist, Johan Hultdin, Pontus Karling
  Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2019; 54(2): 152.     CrossRef
• Effects of Misoprostol for Aspirin-induced Small Bowel Enteropathy
  Dong Han Yeom, Han Seung Ryu
  The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2019; 73(1): 60.     CrossRef
• Effects of Drugs and Excipients on Hydration Status
  Ana M. Puga, Sara Lopez-Oliva, Carmen Trives, Teresa Partearroyo, Gregorio Varela-Moreiras
  Nutrients.2019; 11(3): 669.     CrossRef
• Small bowel ulcers
  Martin Keuchel, Niehls Kurniawan, Peter Baltes
  Current Opinion in Gastroenterology.2019; 35(3): 213.     CrossRef
• Cardiorespiratory fitness, visceral fat, and body fat, but not dietary inflammatory index, are related to C-reactive protein in cancer survivors
  Matthew A Christensen, Peter Smoak, Jonathon K Lisano, Reid Hayward, Craig Coronado, Katie Kage, Daniel Shackelford, Laura K Stewart
  Nutrition and Health.2019; 25(3): 195.     CrossRef
• Safety and tolerability of nsaids: focus on aceclofenac
  E. A. Ushkalova, S. K. Zyryanov, K. E. Zalolochina
  Medical Council.2019; (9): 110.     CrossRef
• NSAIDs disrupt intestinal homeostasis by suppressing macroautophagy in intestinal epithelial cells
  Ana M. Chamoun-Emanuelli, Laura K. Bryan, Noah D. Cohen, Taylor L. Tetrault, Joseph A. Szule, Rola Barhoumi, Canaan M. Whitfield-Cargile
  Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
• Reproduction of inflammatory bowel diseases in experiment
  A. TRUSHENKO, V. MAMCHUR
  Experimental and Clinical Physiology and Biochemistry.2019; 2019(3): 82.     CrossRef
• A Case Report on Functional Dyspepsia in a Fibromyalgia Patient with a History of Long-Term Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) Use
  Keum-ji Kim, Soo-ho Cho, Ji-seon Park, Seok-jae Ko, Jae-woo Park
  The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine.2019; 40(6): 1268.     CrossRef
• Are NSAIDs Double Trouble?
  Sam Schulman, James Aisenberg
  Journal of the American College of Cardiology.2018; 72(3): 268.     CrossRef
• Microbiota–drug interactions: Impact on metabolism and efficacy of therapeutics
  Ellen M. Wilkinson, Zehra Esra Ilhan, Melissa M. Herbst-Kralovetz
  Maturitas.2018; 112: 53.     CrossRef
• Canagliflozin exerts anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting intracellular glucose metabolism and promoting autophagy in immune cells
  Chenke Xu, Wei Wang, Jin Zhong, Fan Lei, Naihan Xu, Yaou Zhang, Weidong Xie
  Biochemical Pharmacology.2018; 152: 45.     CrossRef
• Misoprostol for NSAID-induced small bowel erosions and ulcers
  Timothy A Rockall
  The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2018; 3(7): 447.     CrossRef
• Rebleeding rate and risk factors in nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug‐induced enteropathy
  Junseok Park, Seong Ran Jeon, Jin‐Oh Kim, Hyun Gun Kim, Tae Hee Lee, Jun‐Hyung Cho, Bong Min Ko, Joon Seong Lee, Moon Sung Lee
  Journal of Digestive Diseases.2018; 19(5): 279.     CrossRef
• Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs use and risk of Parkinson disease
  Li Ren, Jie Yi, Jing Yang, Peng Li, Xueyan Cheng, Peixian Mao
  Medicine.2018; 97(37): e12172.     CrossRef