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Original Article
IBD
Long-term efficacy and tolerability of dose-adjusted thiopurine treatment in maintaining remission in inflammatory bowel disease patients with NUDT15 heterozygosity
Takato Maeda, Hirotake Sakuraba, Hiroto Hiraga, Shukuko Yoshida, Yoichi Kakuta, Hidezumi Kikuchi, Shogo Kawaguchi, Keisuke Hasui, Tetsuya Tatsuta, Daisuke Chinda, Tatsuya Mikami, Shinsaku Fukuda
Intest Res 2022;20(1):90-100.   Published online January 22, 2021
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00133
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReaderePub
Background/Aims
Thiopurines are key drugs for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD). Recently, NUDT15 polymorphism (R139C, c.415C > T) has been shown to be associated with thiopurineinduced adverse events in Asian populations. In patients with the C/T genotype, low-dose thiopurine treatment is recommended, but its long-term efficacy and tolerability remain unclear. This study aimed to uncover the long-term efficacy and appropriate dosage of thiopurine for IBD patients with the C/T genotype.
Methods
A total of 210 patients with IBD (103 UC and 107 CD) determined to have NUDT15 R139C variants were enrolled. Clinical data were retrospectively reviewed from medical records.
Results
Of 46 patients (21.9%) with the C/T genotype, 30 patients (65.2%) were treated with thiopurines. Three of whom (10.0%) discontinued thiopurine treatment due to adverse events and 27 of whom continued. The median maintenance dosage of 6-mercaptopurine was 0.25 mg/kg/day (range, 0.19–0.36 mg/kg/day), and 6-thioguanine nucleotides level was 230 (104–298) pmol/8 × 108 red blood cells. Cumulative thiopurine continuation rates for 120 months for patients with the C/C and C/T genotypes were not significantly different (P= 0.895). Cumulative non-relapse rates in the patients with UC treated with thiopurine monotherapy and surgery-free rates in CD patients treated with combination therapy (thiopurines and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α agents) for maintenance remission were not significantly different at 60 months (C/C vs. C/T, P= 0.339 and P= 0.422, respectively).
Conclusions
Low-dose thiopurine treatment is an effective and acceptable treatment for patients with C/T genotype.

Citations

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Review
Inflammatory bowel diseases
NUDT15 gene variants and thiopurine-induced leukopenia in patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Katsuyoshi Matsuoka
Intest Res 2020;18(3):275-281.   Published online June 3, 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00002
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
Thiopurine has been used to maintain remission and to reduce antidrug antibody formation in monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The use of thiopurine is limited by side effects such as leukopenia. Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) variants are associated with thiopurine-induced leukopenia in Westerners, but the frequency of the risk alleles is low in Asians. Recently, a variant in the nudix hydrolase 15 (NUDT15) gene (R139C, c.415C > T) was reported to be associated with early severe leukopenia in Asians. NUDT15 is an enzyme that converts 6-thio-(deoxy)guanosine triphosphate (6-T(d)GTP) to 6-thio-(deoxy)guanosine monophosphate (6-T(d)GMTP). The R139C variant impairs the stability of the protein and increases incorporation of 6-TGTP and 6-TdGTP into RNA and DNA, respectively, resulting in leukopenia. The frequency of C/C, C/T, and T/T are approximately 80%, 20%, and 1%, respectively in East Asians. Early leukopenia occurred in less than 3% of patients with C/C and in around 20% of those with C/T, whereas it occurred in almost all patients with T/T. Patients homozygous for this variant also develop severe hair loss. The measurement of NUDT15 R139C can increase the safety of thiopurine dramatically and is a successful example of personalized medicine in the field of IBD.

Citations

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Original Articles
NUDT15, FTO, and RUNX1 genetic variants and thiopurine intolerance among Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
Toshiyuki Sato, Tetsuya Takagawa, Yoichi Kakuta, Akihiro Nishio, Mikio Kawai, Koji Kamikozuru, Yoko Yokoyama, Yuko Kita, Takako Miyazaki, Masaki Iimuro, Nobuyuki Hida, Kazutoshi Hori, Hiroki Ikeuchi, Shiro Nakamura
Intest Res 2017;15(3):328-337.   Published online June 12, 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2017.15.3.328
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
<b>Background/Aims</b><br/>

Recent genome-wide analyses have provided strong evidence concerning adverse events caused by thiopurine drugs such as azathioprine (AZA) and 6-mercaptopurine. The strong associations identified between NUDT15 p.Arg139Cys and thiopurine-induced leukopenia and severe hair loss have been studied and confirmed over the last 2 years. However, other coding variants, including NUDT15 p.Val18_Val19insGlyVal, NUDT15 p.Val18Ile, and FTO p.Ala134Thr, and a noncoding variation in RUNX1 (rs2834826) remain to be examined in detail in this respect. Therefore, we investigated the correlation between these adverse events and the 5 recently identified variants mentioned above among Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD).

Methods

One hundred sixty thiopurine-treated patients with IBD were enrolled. Genotyping was performed using TaqMan SNP Genotyping Assays or Sanger sequencing.

Results

None of the 5 variants were associated with gastrointestinal intolerance to AZA. However, NUDT15 p.Arg139Cys was significantly associated with the interval between initiation and discontinuation of AZA among patients with gastrointestinal intolerance. This variant was strongly associated with early (<8 weeks) and late (≥8 weeks) leukopenia and severe hair loss. Moreover, it correlated with the interval between initiation of thiopurine therapy and leukopenia occurrence, and average thiopurine dose. NUDT15 p.Val18_Val19insGlyVal, NUDT15 p.Val18Ile, FTO p.Ala134Thr, and RUNX1 rs2834826 exhibited no significant relationship with the adverse events examined.

Conclusions

Of the 5 variants investigated, NUDT15 p.Arg139Cys had the strongest impact on thiopurine-induced leukopenia and severe hair loss; therefore, its genotyping should be prioritized over that of other variants in efforts to predict these adverse events in Japanese patients with IBD.

Citations

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    Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2019; 34(10): 1751.     CrossRef
  • Systematic review with meta‐analysis: risk factors for thiopurine‐induced leukopenia in IBD
    Sara van Gennep, Kadère Konté, Berrie Meijer, Martijn W. Heymans, Geert R. D’Haens, Mark Löwenberg, Nanne K. H. de Boer
    Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics.2019; 50(5): 484.     CrossRef
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  • Severe thiopurine‐induced leukocytopenia and hair loss in Japanese patients with defective NUDT15 variant: Retrospective case–control study
    Mari Kishibe, Hiroyoshi Nozaki, Mizue Fujii, Shin Iinuma, Sawa Ohtsubo, Satomi Igawa, Kyoko Kanno, Masaru Honma, Kan Kishibe, Kensaku Okamoto, Akemi Ishida‐Yamamoto
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  • Diagnostic accuracy of NUDT15 gene variants for thiopurine-induced leukopenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis
    Sarah Cargnin, Armando A. Genazzani, Pier Luigi Canonico, Salvatore Terrazzino
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  • A single‐center experience with methotrexate in the treatment of Chinese Crohn’s disease patients
    Tian Rong Wang, Yu Qi Qiao, Duo Wu Zou, Zhi Hua Ran
    Journal of Digestive Diseases.2018; 19(12): 753.     CrossRef
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Pregnancy outcome in women with inflammatory bowel disease treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor and/or thiopurine therapy: a multicenter study from Japan
Shunsuke Komoto, Satoshi Motoya, Yuji Nishiwaki, Toshiyuki Matsui, Reiko Kunisaki, Katsuyoshi Matsuoka, Naoki Yoshimura, Takashi Kagaya, Makoto Naganuma, Nobuyuki Hida, Mamoru Watanabe, Toshifumi Hibi, Yasuo Suzuki, Soichiro Miura, Ryota Hokari
Intest Res 2016;14(2):139-145.   Published online April 27, 2016
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2016.14.2.139
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReaderePub
<b>Background/Aims</b><br/>

Anti-tumor necrosis factor drugs (anti-TNF) and thiopurines are important treatment options in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including during pregnancy. However, there are limited data on the benefit/risk profile of anti-TNF and thiopurines during pregnancy in Asia. The aim of this study was to analyze pregnancy outcomes of female Japanese IBD patients treated with anti-TNF and/or thiopurines.

Methods

This cross-sectional study assessed pregnancy outcomes in 72 women with IBD. Pregnancy outcomes were compared among 31 pregnancies without exposure to infliximab (IFX), adalimumab (ADA), or thiopurines; 24 pregnancies with exposure to anti-TNF treatment (23 IFX, 1 ADA); 7 pregnancies with exposure to thiopurines alone; and 10 pregnancies with exposure to both IFX and thiopurines.

Results

Thirty-five of the 41 pregnancies (85.3%) that were exposed to anti-TNF treatment and/or thiopurines resulted in live births after a median gestational period of 38 weeks. Of the 35 live births, 3 involved premature deliveries; 7, low birth weight; and 1, a congenital abnormality. There were 6 spontaneous abortions in pregnancies that were exposed to anti-TNF treatment (17.7%). Pregnancy outcomes among the 4 groups were similar, except for the rate of spontaneous abortions (P =0.037).

Conclusions

Exposure to anti-TNF treatment or thiopurines during pregnancy was not related to a higher incidence of adverse pregnancy outcomes in Japanese IBD patients except for spontaneous abortion.

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    Raed Alhusayen, Serena Dienes, Megan Lam, Afsaneh Alavi, Ali Alikhan, Maria Aleshin, Emad Bahashwan, Steve Daveluy, Noah Goldfarb, Amit Garg, Wayne Gulliver, Tarannum Jaleel, Alexa B. Kimball, Mark G. Kirchhof, Joslyn Kirby, Joi Lenczowski, Hadar Lev-Tov,
    Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology.2025; 92(4): 825.     CrossRef
  • A retrospective study of neonatal and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant women suffering from inflammatory arthropathy treated with adalimumab
    Navid Najarpour, Elham Rajaei, Karim Mowla, Alireza Ghanbaran
    Revista Colombiana de Reumatología.2024; 31(3): 290.     CrossRef
  • Anti-tumor necrosis factor-α therapy may not be safe during pregnancy in women with inflammatory bowel disease: an updated meta-analysis and systematic review
    Wei Huang, Xinxing Zhang, Li Zhang, Xiaosong Dai, Heping Chen, Qin Xie
    BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Navid Najarpour, Elham Rajaei, Karim Mowla, Alireza Ghanbaran
    Revista Colombiana de Reumatología (English Edition).2024; 31(3): 290.     CrossRef
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  • Biologics for Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Their Safety in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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    Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2022; 20(1): 74.     CrossRef
  • British Society for Rheumatology guideline on prescribing drugs in pregnancy and breastfeeding: immunomodulatory anti-rheumatic drugs and corticosteroids
    Mark D Russell, Mrinalini Dey, Julia Flint, Philippa Davie, Alexander Allen, Amy Crossley, Margreta Frishman, Mary Gayed, Kenneth Hodson, Munther Khamashta, Louise Moore, Sonia Panchal, Madeleine Piper, Clare Reid, Katherine Saxby, Karen Schreiber, Naz Se
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    Sung-Ae Jung
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Efficacy of Thiopurines in Biologic-Naive Japanese Patients With Crohn's Disease: A Single-Center Experience
Takuya Yoshino, Minoru Matsuura, Naoki Minami, Satoshi Yamada, Yusuke Honzawa, Masamichi Kimura, Yorimitsu Koshikawa, Ali Madian, Takahiko Toyonaga, Hiroshi Nakase
Intest Res 2015;13(3):266-273.   Published online June 9, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2015.13.3.266
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
<b>Background/Aims</b><br/>

Early use of biologics in patients with Crohn's disease (CD) improves quality of life. However, the effects of the early use of immunomodulators on long-term outcomes remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of immunomodulators in patients with CD.

Methods

Between January 2004 and December 2011, 47 biologic-naive CD patients treated with thiopurines alone for remission maintenance were analyzed. The patients were classified into 2 groups depending on the presence or absence of digestive complications. We evaluated the efficacy of and predictive factors for thiopurine use for remission maintenance.

Results

The cumulative relapse rates at 24 and 60 months were 13.7% and 35.4%, respectively. Regarding patient characteristics, there was a significant difference in patient history of surgery between the non-relapse and relapse groups (P=0.021). The cumulative relapse rate was lower in patients without a history of surgery than in those with such a history (27.2% and 52.9% at 60.0 months, respectively). Multivariate analysis suggested that the prevalence of stricturing and penetrating complications is an independent factor for relapse. The cumulative relapse rate in patients without a history of surgery was significantly lower in the non-stricturing and non-penetrating group than in the stricturing and penetrating group (11.8% at 85.0 months vs. 58.5% at 69.0 months; P=0.036).

Conclusions

Thiopurine use might be beneficial for the long-term maintenance of remission in biologic-naive Crohn's disease patients without digestive complications and a history of surgery.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Thiopurines Have Sustained Long-term Effectiveness in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Which is Independent of Disease Duration at Initiation: A Propensity Score Matched Analysis
    Mukesh Kumar Ranjan, Peeyush Kumar, Sudheer Kumar Vuyyuru, Bhaskar Kante, Sandeep K Mundhra, Rithvik Golla, Shubi Virmani, Raju Sharma, Peush Sahni, Prasenjit Das, Mani Kalaivani, Ashish Datt Upadhyay, Govind Makharia, Saurabh Kedia, Vineet Ahuja
    Journal of Crohn's and Colitis.2024; 18(2): 192.     CrossRef
  • Efficacy of drug and endoscopic treatment of Crohn's disease strictures: A systematic review
    Julien D Schulberg, Emily K Wright, Bronte A Holt, Helen E Wilding, Amy L Hamilton, Alyson L Ross, Michael A Kamm
    Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2021; 36(2): 344.     CrossRef
  • Short-term tolerability and effectiveness of methotrexate monotherapy in adult patients with Crohn’s disease: a retrospective study
    Hee Seung Hong, Kyuwon Kim, Kyunghwan Oh, Jae Yong Lee, Seung Wook Hong, Jin Hwa Park, Sung Wook Hwang, Dong-Hoon Yang, Byong Duk Ye, Jeong-Sik Byeon, Seung-Jae Myung, Suk-Kyun Yang, Sang Hyoung Park
    Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • NUDT15,FTO, andRUNX1genetic variants and thiopurine intolerance among Japanese patients with inflammatory bowel diseases
    Toshiyuki Sato, Tetsuya Takagawa, Yoichi Kakuta, Akihiro Nishio, Mikio Kawai, Koji Kamikozuru, Yoko Yokoyama, Yuko Kita, Takako Miyazaki, Masaki Iimuro, Nobuyuki Hida, Kazutoshi Hori, Hiroki Ikeuchi, Shiro Nakamura
    Intestinal Research.2017; 15(3): 328.     CrossRef
  • Importance of Patients’ Knowledge of Their Prescribed Medication in Improving Treatment Adherence in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
    Chung Hyun Tae, Sung-Ae Jung, Hye Sung Moon, Jung-A Seo, Hye Kyung Song, Chang Mo Moon, Seong-Eun Kim, Ki-Nam Shim, Hye-Kyung Jung
    Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology.2016; 50(2): 157.     CrossRef
  • 6,671 View
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  • 5 Web of Science
  • 5 Crossref
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Efficacy and Safety of Long-Term Thiopurine Maintenance Treatment in Japanese Patients With Ulcerative Colitis
Satoshi Yamada, Takuya Yoshino, Minoru Matsuura, Masamichi Kimura, Yorimitsu Koshikawa, Naoki Minami, Takahiko Toyonaga, Yusuke Honzawa, Hiroshi Nakase
Intest Res 2015;13(3):250-258.   Published online June 9, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2015.13.3.250
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary MaterialPubReader
<b>Background/Aims</b><br/>

The long-term clinical outcomes of patients with bio-naive ulcerative colitis (UC) who maintain remission with thiopurine are unclear. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of maintenance treatment with thiopurine in UC patients.

Methods

This was a retrospective observational cohort analysis conducted at a single center. Between December 1998 and August 2013, 59 of 87 patients with bio-naive UC who achieved remission after induction with treatments other than biologics were enrolled. Remission maintenance with thiopurine was defined as no concomitant treatment needed other than 5-aminosalicylate without relapse. We assessed the remission-maintenance rate, mucosal healing rate, colectomy-free rate, and treatment safety in UC patients who received thiopurine as maintenance treatment.

Results

The 84-month cumulative remission-maintenance and colectomy-free survival rates in the UC patients who were receiving maintenance treatment with thiopurine and 5-aminosalicylate were 43.9% and 88.0%, respectively. Of the 38 patients who underwent colonoscopy during thiopurine maintenance treatment, 23 (60.5%) achieved mucosal healing. Of the 59 patients who achieved clinical remission with thiopurine, 6 patients (10.2%) discontinued the thiopurine therapy because of adverse events.

Conclusions

Our study demonstrates the long-term efficacy and safety of thiopurine treatment in patients with bio-naive UC.

Citations

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    Xi Chen, Xiaohua Tang, Sixuan Chen, Yang Ye, Fei Mao
    Frontiers in Immunology.2026;[Epub]     CrossRef
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    Mukesh Kumar Ranjan, Peeyush Kumar, Sudheer Kumar Vuyyuru, Bhaskar Kante, Sandeep K Mundhra, Rithvik Golla, Shubi Virmani, Raju Sharma, Peush Sahni, Prasenjit Das, Mani Kalaivani, Ashish Datt Upadhyay, Govind Makharia, Saurabh Kedia, Vineet Ahuja
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    Satohiro Matsumoto, Hirosato Mashima
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    Zhaobei Cai, Shu Wang, Jiannan Li
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    Hiroshi Nakase
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    Hiroshi Nakase
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    Natalia Sutiman, Sylvia Chen, Khoon Lin Ling, Sai Wei Chuah, Wai Fook Leong, Vinayak Nadiger, Madeline Tjai, Chris San Choon Kong, Brian John Schwender, Webber Chan, Hang Hock Shim, Wee Chian Lim, Chiea Chuen Khor, Yin Bun Cheung, Balram Chowbay
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    Toshiyuki Sato, Tetsuya Takagawa, Yoichi Kakuta, Akihiro Nishio, Mikio Kawai, Koji Kamikozuru, Yoko Yokoyama, Yuko Kita, Takako Miyazaki, Masaki Iimuro, Nobuyuki Hida, Kazutoshi Hori, Hiroki Ikeuchi, Shiro Nakamura
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    Yoon Jee Lee, Jae Hee Cheon, Jae Hyun Kim, SunHo Yoo, Hyun Jung Lee, Soo Jung Park, Sung Pil Hong, Tae Il Kim, Won Ho Kim
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  • Rate and Predictors of Mucosal Healing in Ulcerative Colitis Treated with Thiopurines: Results of a Multicentric Cohort Study
    Caroline Prieux-Klotz, Stéphane Nahon, Aurelien Amiot, Leila Sinayoko, Carole Galéano-Cassaz, Stanislas Chaussade, Romain Coriat, Pierre Lahmek, Vered Abitbol
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    Seong Ran Jeon, Won Ho Kim
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Statement
Use of Thiopurines in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Consensus Statement by the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases (KASID)
Kang-Moon Lee, You Sun Kim, Geom Seog Seo, Tae Oh Kim, Suk-Kyun Yang, IBD Study Group of the Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases
Intest Res 2015;13(3):193-207.   Published online June 9, 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2015.13.3.193
AbstractAbstract PDFPubReader
<b>Background/Aims</b><br/>

For decades, thiopurines have been the mainstay of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment and will play an important role in the future. However, complex metabolism and various side effects limit the use of these potent drugs in clinical practice. The Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases developed a set of consensus statements with the aim of guiding clinicians on the appropriate use of thiopurines in the management of IBD.

Methods

Sixteen statements were initially drafted by five committee members. The quality of evidence and classification of recommendation were assessed according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. The statements were then circulated to IBD experts in Korea for review, feedback, and then finalized and accepted by voting at the consensus meeting.

Results

The consensus statements comprised four parts: (1) pre-treatment evaluation and management strategy, including value of thiopurine S-methyltransferase screening, dosing schedule, and novel biomarkers for predicting thiopurine-induced leukopenia; (2) treatment with thiopurines with regards to optimal duration of thiopurine treatment and long-term outcomes of combination therapy with anti-tumor necrosis factors; (3) safety of thiopurines, especially during pregnancy and lactation; and (4) monitoring side effects or efficacy of therapy using biomarkers.

Conclusions

Thiopurines are an effective treatment option for patients with IBD. Management decisions should be individualized according to the risk of relapse and adverse events.

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    Ahmed B. Bayoumy, A. R. Ansari, C. J. J. Mulder, K. Schmiegelow, Timothy Florin, N. K. H. De Boer
    Clinical Pharmacokinetics.2024; 63(8): 1089.     CrossRef
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    Ben Ridley, Francesco Nonino, Elisa Baldin, Ilaria Casetta, Gerardo Iuliano, Graziella Filippini
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