Are Truelove and Witts criteria for diagnosing acute severe colitis relevant for the Indian population? A prospective study

Saransh Jain; Saurabh Kedia; Sawan Bopanna; Dawesh P Yadav; Sandeep Goyal; Peush Sahni; Sujoy Pal; Nihar Ranjan Dash; Govind Makharia; Simon P. L. Travis; Vineet Ahuja

doi:10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.69

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Intest Res > Volume 16(1); 2018 > Article

Original Article Are Truelove and Witts criteria for diagnosing acute severe colitis relevant for the Indian population? A prospective study: Saransh Jain¹, Saurabh Kedia¹, Sawan Bopanna¹, Dawesh P Yadav¹, Sandeep Goyal¹, Peush Sahni², Sujoy Pal², Nihar Ranjan Dash², Govind Makharia¹, Simon P. L. Travis³, Vineet Ahuja¹; Intestinal Research 2018;16(1):69-74.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.69
Published online: January 18, 2018

¹Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

²Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.

³Translational Gastroenterology Unit, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK.

Correspondence to Vineet Ahuja, Department of Gastroenterology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Room No. 3093, 3rd Floor, Teaching Block, New Delhi 110029, India. Tel: +91-11-26593300, Fax: +91-11-2658663, vineet.aiims@gmail.com

• Received: July 21, 2017 • Revised: August 26, 2017 • Accepted: August 29, 2017

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next

8,833 Views
84 Download
6 Web of Science
7 Crossref
7 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Acknowledgments
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background/Aims
Truelove and Witts criteria have been used to define acute severe colitis since the 1950s. However, hemoglobin (an additional criterion of the definition) levels in the general population in developing countries are lower than in the population of developed countries. We aimed to determine the relevance of Truelove and Witts criteria in the Indian population.
Methods
Consecutive patients with acute severe colitis satisfying the Truelove and Witts criteria, hospitalized at a single center between April 2015 and December 2016 were included. All patients received intravenous corticosteroids and 16 required colectomy. The hemoglobin levels at admission were subsequently excluded from the classification criteria, and the effect this had on the criteria for diagnosis was determined.
Results
Out of 61 patients of acute severe colitis diagnosed according to the original Truelove and Witts criteria, 12 patients (20%) had 1 additional criterion, 33 (54%) had 2 additional criteria and 16 (26%) had 3 or more additional criteria in addition to 6 or more blood stained stools on admission. On excluding hemoglobin as an additional criterion from the Truelove and Witts definition, all patients still met the criteria for acute severe colitis.
Conclusions
Truelove and Witts criteria can be used to define acute severe colitis in India, despite lower mean hemoglobin in the native population.
Keywords: Acute severe colitis; Definition; Anemia; Truelove and Witts criteria; India

INTRODUCTION

The burden of IBD in India and other Asian countries has increased in recent times, and the projected IBD population in India is second highest in the world after the United States.1 2 3 UC has a relapsing and remitting course, and acute severe colitis (ASC) complicates the course of UC in up to 25% of cases, with a third of these episodes being the first presentation of UC.4 5 The course of UC is similar between the West and Asia, and in an earlier prospective study, we found similar short-term colectomy rates and response to in-travenous (IV) steroids in 49 episodes of ASC.6 Truelove and Witts criteria7 are most widely used to define ASC.8 9 10 11 The definition is based on 6 or more blood stained stools daily, with 1 or more of the 4 additional criteria: hemoglobin <105g/L, ESR >30 mm/h, fever >37.8℃, and tachycardia >90/min. Hemoglobin is 1 of the 4 relative criteria for the diagnosis of ASC. Nevertheless, the hemoglobin cutoff of 105 g/L is based on the normal levels of 130 g/L in men and 120 g/L in nonpregnant women, in the Western countires.12 In developing countries, the average hemoglobin in the population is lower, with normal being considered as 125 g/L in men and 110 g/L in nonpregnant women (Vietnam National Institute of Health study13) or 123 g/L and 110 g/L respectively, in a study from India.14 A lower hemoglobin in our country could lead to over-diagnosis of ASC if conventional Truelove and Witts criteria are applied, with needless hospitalization and increased cost or unnecessary IV corticosteroids.

This study was therefore planned to evaluate the relevance of Truelove and Witts criteria for diagnosing ASC in India.

METHODS

We diagnosed ASC using the conventional Truelove and Witts criteria and then assessed the effect on the rate of diagnosis of ASC, by excluding patients in whom the only positive additional criterion was hemoglobin <105 g/L. All consecutive patients diagnosed with ASC based on Truelove and Witts criteria who were hospitalized at All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi, India from April 2015 to December 2016 were screened for inclusion. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients. Children <18 years and patients refusing to give consent were excluded (ethical approval AIIMS IRB number: IESC/T-277).

1. Definitions

UC: diagnosis based on clinical, radiological, and histological criteria.15 Patients with first presentation of disease with ASC who were later found to be suffering from an infection or Crohn's colitis were excluded.

ASC: based on Truelove and Witts criteria; 6 or more stools with blood and 1 or more of hemoglobin <105 g/L, ESR >30 mm/h, fever >37.8℃, or tachycardia >90/min.7 8

Disease extent: maximum macroscopic extent on colonoscopy preceding ASC, according to the Montreal classification.16 For patients presenting with ASC at diagnosis, the extent was determined using the first colonoscopy after discharge or the surgical specimen if they underwent colectomy.

Prior steroid use: any use of systemic corticosteroids prior to the index episode of ASC. Steroid use in the first year of diagnosis: corticosteroids usage in the first year after diagnosis, including the ASC event if it occurred within the first year of diagnosis.

Ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS):17 the sum of 3 descriptors: vascular pattern (score, 0–2); bleeding (score, 0–3); and erosions and ulcers (score, 0–3), range from 0 to 8, assessed in the most severely affected area on flexible sigmoidoscopy (S.J.).

2. Study Design

This was a prospective, observational cohort study. Data on baseline demographics, prior therapy for UC, plain abdominal radiograph and endoscopic assessment of severity (UCEIS)17 using unprepared flexible sigmoidoscopy within 24 hours of admission, clinical observations of pulse rate, temperature, blood pressure, stool frequency, and laboratory parameters during the hospital stay were included. Serum CRP was performed on day 3 of IV corticosteroid therapy and Clostridium difficile toxin assay was performed using ELISA, for both toxins A and B. Subsequently the patients diagnosed with ASC were reclassified after excluding hemoglobin as one of the diagnostic criteria, to evaluate the confounding effect of baseline hemoglobin on ASC diagnosis.

3. Management

All patients received IV and rectal hydrocortisone (400 mg/day IV, 200 mg/day per rectum), whilst continuing 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy, according to the guidelines,18 as well as antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and metronidazole), given the prevalence of gastrointestinal infection in India. Blood transfusion was given as required (hemoglobin <80 g/L), mucosal biopsies were taken during flexible sigmoidoscopy to exclude cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Oxford criteria 19 were used to identify patients at high risk of colectomy and if unresponsive to 5 to 7 days of IV corticosteroids, rescue therapy or colectomy was advised. The choice, decision, and timing of colectomy was arrived at after a joint medical-surgical review and patient counselling. Patients responding to IV corticosteroids were discharged on 40 mg/day prednisolone with a tapering period of 3 to 4 months, along with azathioprine.

4. Statistical Analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as the mean±SD and those with non-Gaussian distribution as median and range. Categorical variables were summarized as frequencies with percentages rounded up or down to the nearest integer. Analyses were performed using SPSS software version 24.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).

RESULTS

1. Patients

In all, 59 patients with 63 episodes of ASC were hospitalized during the study period, of which 2 patients were excluded (Fig. 1). Thus, 57 patients with 61 episodes of ASC were included in the study. Response to IV corticosteroids was seen in 38 of 61 episodes and 23 of 61 did not respond. Of these, 9 of 23 received rescue therapy (4 ciclosporin, 2 tacrolimus, 2 infliximab, and 1 patient received IV Immunoglobulin).20 21 Sixteen of 23 patients underwent surgery, including 2 after rescue therapy.

2. Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics

Mean age on admission was 36±13 years, 69% were men. Median duration of UC prior to diagnosis was 36 months and 7% presented with ASC at diagnosis. Two-thirds had extensive colitis and one-third had extraintestinal manifestations. One-third had history of a previous episode of ASC and 57% had used steroids in the first year of diagnosis, whereas 80% had used steroids at some stage after diagnosis (Table 1).

3. Clinical and Laboratory Parameters during Hospitalization

Median stool frequency on the day of presentation was 12 (range, 6–23), which decreased to 6 (range, 2–18) on day 3 of IV corticosteroids (Table 1). Median hemoglobin was 97 g/L (range, 47–155 g/L), ESR on admission was 42 mm/h (range, 10–82 mm/h) and 25% received blood transfusion(s) (Table 2, Fig. 2). Median CRP on day 1 was 59 mg/L (range, 4–205 mg/L). Median UCEIS was 5 (range, 4–8) and median CRP level on day 3 of IV corticosteroid was 16 mg/L (range, 1–209 mg/L). One patient was positive for C. difficile toxin in stool and cytomegalovirus immunohistochemistry was positive in 10 of 61 episodes (16%). Patients received IV corticosteroids for a median 5 days (range, 3–10 days) with the duration of hospital stay being 10 days (range, 5–36 days). Four patients developed toxic megacolon, all of whom underwent colectomy. One patient died on postoperative day 3 from ventricular arrhythmia because of hypokalemia.

4. Truelove and Witts Criteria at Admission

1) All Criteria

All patients had ≥6 blood stained stools/day at admission. Twelve patients (20%) had 1 additional criterion, 33 (54%) had 2 additional criteria, and 16 (26%) had 3 or more additional criteria on admission (Table 3). The most common additional criterion was tachycardia (pulse rate >90/min) seen in 48 of 61 episodes (79%), followed by hemoglobin <105 g/L in 40 (66%), ESR >30 mm/h in 37 (61%), whereas fever was least common, seen in only 3 of episodes (5%) (Table 4). CRP on admission >30 mg/L was seen in 39 episodes (64%). Among patients who had only 1 additional criterion (n=12) the most common criterion was tachycardia (n=10), followed by ESR >30 mm/h (n=2). None of the patients had hemoglobin as the only additional criterion.

2) Excluding Hemoglobin

On excluding hemoglobin as an additional criterion, all patients still classified as ASC, but now with 37 of 61 (61%) having only 1 additional criterion and 24 (39%) having 2 or 3 additional criteria on admission (Table 5).

DISCUSSION

In this prospective cohort study of 61 consecutive episodes of ASC in 59 patients, we found that 80% of the episodes were associated with 2 or more additional Truelove and Witts criteria on admission, of which the commonest were tachycardia and low hemoglobin. The median hemoglobin on admission was 97 g/L (range, 47–155 g/L), which is lower than that seen in Western studies.19 22 23 However, only 20% of the episodes were associated with a single additional Truelove and Witts criterion, of which none had hemoglobin <105 g/L as the only additional criterion. This was lower than the rate of 40% reported in previous studies.4 24 Even among Indian women, who have lower mean hemoglobin levels, with minimum population thresholds reported as 113, 110, and 100 g/L in studies by Ashavaid et al.,14 NIN criteria13 and Pasupula and Reddy,25 none of the episodes had hemoglobin as the only additional criterion for diagnosis of ASC. Therefore, after excluding hemoglobin as an additional criterion based on the original Truelove and Witts definition, all episodes still classified as ASC. Conceptually, ASC presents when the inflammatory activity of UC causes systemic manifestations of inflammation. This may explain why there appears to be no confounding effect of excluding hemoglobin on the diagnosis of ASC, despite a lower mean hemoglobin in the Indian population. It needs to be mentioned that Truelove and Witts criteria have never been subject to a mathematical analysis of the contribution of components to the diagnostic value of the index, which would be standard practice in the development of indices today.26 Patients with ASC have other signs of systemic inflammation that are manifest along with low hemoglobin, thereby maintaining the relevance of Truelove and Witts criteria other than hemoglobin, in this setting.

Both ESR and pulse rate increase with anemia, and this may further question the validity of Truelove and Witts criteria in the Indian setting, with an elevated ESR or tachycardia being a feature of anemia rather than systemic inflammation. However, patients identified with ASC in the present study had a short-term colectomy rate of 26% and steroid failure rate of 38%, which are very similar to reports from the West.4 Using CRP >30 mg/L instead of an ESR >30 mm/h would have strengthened our conclusions, since CRP is independent of anemia, and 39 of 61 patients (64%) had CRP >30 mg/L on admission. Although 8 of 39 patients with an elevated CRP had normal ESR, all had at least 1 other Truelove and Witts criterion for the diagnosis of ASC.

The limitations of this study include referral bias owing to the tertiary nature of our institution and the lack of data about outpatients with an acute flare up of colitis and hemoglobin <105 g/L. According to the protocol at AIIMS, patients with blood stained stool frequency >6/day and hemoglobin <105 g/L merit admission, but it cannot be confirmed that clinicians did not make an allowance for lower hemoglobin in the Indian population and treated them as outpatients. Whilst this may explain the absence of any patient with a low hemoglobin as the only additional criterion, it also indicates that they can be managed as outpatients. These results also need validation in other centers.

We conclude that Truelove and Witts criteria are relevant in the Indian settings, which is reassuring given the lower mean hemoglobin in the general population.

Acknowledgments

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are particularly grateful to our patients, colleagues, nursing, pharmacy, clerical staff, and allied professionals who collectively support our IBD services and enable studies such as this to be performed.

NOTES

FINANCIAL SUPPORT: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION: S.J., study design, acquisition of data, analysis, and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript, critical revision, and final approval of the manuscript; S.K., S.B., D.P.Y., S.G., analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript, critical revision, and final approval of the manuscript; P.S., S.P., N.R.D., G.M., S.P.L.T., drafting the manuscript, critical revision and final approval of the manuscript; V.A., study concept and design, analysis and interpretation of data; study supervision, drafting of the manuscript, critical revision, and final approval of the manuscript.

REFERENCES

1. Singh P, Ananthakrishnan A, Ahuja V. Pivot to Asia: inflammatory bowel disease burden. Intest Res 2017;15:138–141.PMID: 28239326.Article PubMed PMC
2. Kedia S, Ahuja V. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in India: the Great Shift East [published online ahead of print April 18, 2017]. Inflamm Intest Dis PMID: 10.1159/000465522.
3. Ng WK, Wong SH, Ng SC. Changing epidemiological trends of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia. Intest Res 2016;14:111–119.PMID: 27175111.Article PubMed PMC
4. Dinesen LC, Walsh AJ, Protic MN, et al. The pattern and outcome of acute severe colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2010;4:431–437.PMID: 21122540.Article PubMed PDF
5. Edwards FC, Truelove SC. The course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis. Gut 1963;4:299–315.PMID: 14084741.Article PubMed PMC
6. Jain S, Kedia S, Bopanna S, et al. Faecal calprotectin and UCEIS predict short-term outcomes in acute severe colitis: prospective cohort study. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:1309–1316.PMID: 29088461.Article PubMed PDF
7. Truelove SC, Witts LJ. Cortisone in ulcerative colitis; preliminary report on a therapeutic trial. Br Med J 1954;2:375–378.PMID: 13182220.Article PubMed PMC
8. Magro F, Gionchetti P, Eliakim R, et al. Third European evidence-based consensus on diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis. Part 1: definitions, diagnosis, extra-intestinal manifestations, pregnancy, cancer surveillance, surgery, and ileo-anal pouch disorders. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:649–670.PMID: 28158501.Article PubMed PDF
9. Kornbluth A, Sachar DB. Practice Parameters Committee of the American College of Gastroenterology. Ulcerative colitis practice guidelines in adults: American College Of Gastroenterology, Practice Parameters Committee. Am J Gastroenterol 2010;105:501–523.PMID: 20068560.Article PubMed PDF
10. Mowat C, Cole A, Windsor A, et al. Guidelines for the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2011;60:571–607.PMID: 21464096.Article PubMed
11. Brown SR, Haboubi N, Hampton J, George B, Travis SP. ACPGBI. The management of acute severe colitis: ACPGBI position statement. Colorectal Dis 2008;10(Suppl 3): 8–29.PMID: 18954307.Article PubMed
12. Nutritional anaemias: report of a WHO scientific group. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1968;405:5–37.PMID: 4975372.PubMed
13. Yip R. Final report of the 1995 Viet Nam National Nutrition Anemia and Intestinal Helminth Survey: a recommended plan of action for the control of iron deficiency for Viet Nam. Jakarta: United Nations Children's Fund Indonesia, 1996.
14. Ashavaid TF, Todur SP, Dherai AJ. Establishment of reference intervals in Indian population. Indian J Clin Biochem 2005;20:110–118.PMID: 23105542.Article PubMed PMC
15. Dignass A, Eliakim R, Magro F, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 1: definitions and diagnosis. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6:965–990.PMID: 23040452.Article PubMed PDF
16. Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol 2005;19(Suppl A): 5A–36A.Article PubMed PDF
17. Travis SP, Schnell D, Krzeski P, et al. Reliability and initial validation of the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity. Gastroenterology 2013;145:987–995.PMID: 23891974.Article PubMed
18. Dignass A, Lindsay JO, Sturm A, et al. Second European evidence-based consensus on the diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis part 2: current management. J Crohns Colitis 2012;6:991–1030.PMID: 23040451.Article PubMed PDF
19. Travis SP, Farrant JM, Ricketts C, et al. Predicting outcome in severe ulcerative colitis. Gut 1996;38:905–910.PMID: 8984031.Article PubMed PMC
20. Merkley SA, Beaulieu DB, Horst S, et al. Use of intravenous immunoglobulin for patients with inflammatory bowel disease with contraindications or who are unresponsive to conventional treatments. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:1854–1859.PMID: 25993689.Article PubMed
21. Levine DS, Fischer SH, Christie DL, Haggitt RC, Ochs HD. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for active, extensive, and medically refractory idiopathic ulcerative or Crohn's colitis. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87:91–100.PMID: 1728132.PubMed
22. Llaó J, Naves JE, Ruiz-Cerulla A, et al. Improved outcome of acute severe ulcerative colitis while using early predictors of corticosteroid failure and rescue therapies. Dig Liver Dis 2016;48:608–612.PMID: 27012443.Article PubMed
23. Ho GT, Mowat C, Goddard CJ, et al. Predicting the outcome of severe ulcerative colitis: development of a novel risk score to aid early selection of patients for second-line medical therapy or surgery. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:1079–1087.PMID: 15142197.Article PubMed
24. Corte C, Fernandopulle N, Catuneanu AM, et al. Association between the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity (UCEIS) and outcomes in acute severe ulcerative colitis. J Crohns Colitis 2015;9:376–381.PMID: 25770163.Article PubMed PDF
25. Pasupula DK, Reddy PS. When is a South Indian really anemic? Indian J Clin Biochem 2014;29:479–484.PMID: 25298629.Article PubMed
26. Collins GS, Reitsma JB, Altman DG, Moons KG. Transparent reporting of a multivariable prediction model for individual prognosis or diagnosis (TRIPOD): the TRIPOD statement. Ann Intern Med 2015;162:55–63.PMID: 25560714.Article PubMed

Fig. 1

Standard acronym diagram: study population. ASC, acute severe colitis.

Fig. 2

Dot-plot showing distribution of hemoglobin values in our patient cohort.

Table 1

Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Our Cohort (n=61)

Value are presented as mean±SD, median (range), or number (%).

^aExtent was not available in 2 patients.

ASC, acute severe colitis; EIMs, extraintestinal manifestations.

Table 2

Comparison of Laboratory Parameters and Management among Patients with Acute Severe Colitis (n=61)

Values are presented as median (range) or number (%). Extent was not available in 2 patients.

^aCRP at admission was not available in 7 patients.

^bOxford 3rd day criteria: stool frequency >8/day or CRP >45 mg/L and 3 to 8 stools on 3rd day of intravenous (IV) corticosteroid therapy.

UCEIS, ulcerative colitis endoscopic severity index.

Table 3

Truelove and Witts Criterion at Admission in Our Cohort

Table 4

Individual Additional Criteria in Truelove and Witts and Their Frequency in Our Cohort

Table 5

Comparison of Truelove and Witts Criteria with and without Hemoglobin as Additional Criterion to Diagnose Acute Severe Colitis (n=61)

NA, not applicable.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Early management of acute severe UC in the biologics era: development and international validation of a prognostic clinical index to predict steroid response
Alex Adams, Vipin Gupta, Waled Mohsen, Thomas P Chapman, Deloshaan Subhaharan, Pradeep Kakkadasam Ramaswamy, Sudheer Kumar, Saurabh Kedia, Colleen GC McGregor, Tim Ambrose, Bruce D George, Rebecca Palmer, Oliver Brain, Alissa Walsh, Vineet Ahuja, Simon P
Gut.2023; 72(3): 433. CrossRef
Inflammatory bowel disease
Mayank Jain, Jayanthi Venkataraman
Indian Journal of Medical Research.2021; 153(4): 421. CrossRef
High Serum Osmolality May Predict the Disease Severity in Patients with Acute Ulcerative Colitis
Abdussamed VURAL, Aslı VURAL, Selahattin VURAL, Selim TURFAN, Ahmet Cumhur DÜLGER
Online Türk Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi.2020; 5(2): 324. CrossRef
Relationship Between Vitamin D Deficiency and Disease Activity in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Ahvaz, Iran

Esmat Rasouli, Narges Sadeghi, Abazar Parsi, Seyed Jalal Hashemi, Morteza Nayebi, Aliakbar Shayesteh
Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology.2020; Volume 13: 419. CrossRef
A current overview of corticosteroid use in active ulcerative colitis
Marco Salice, Fernando Rizzello, Carlo Calabrese, Lucia Calandrini, Paolo Gionchetti
Expert Review of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2019; 13(6): 557. CrossRef
Optimal management of acute severe ulcerative colitis
Saransh Jain, Vineet Ahuja, Jimmy K Limdi
Postgraduate Medical Journal.2019; 95(1119): 32. CrossRef
A challenge in diagnosis and management of ulcerative colitis in elderly patient with atypical presentation: A reported case
Panutchaya Kongon, Vorapatu Tangsirapat, Vittawat Ohmpornuwat, Kannakrit Sumtong, Vichack Chakrapan Na Ayudhya, Kobkool Chakrapan Na Ayudhya, Paiboon Sookpotarom, Paisarn Vejchapipat
International Journal of Surgery Case Reports.2019; 61: 234. CrossRef

PubReader
ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Are Truelove and Witts criteria for diagnosing acute severe colitis relevant for the Indian population? A prospective study

Intest Res. 2018;16(1):69-74. Published online January 18, 2018

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2018.16.1.69

XML Download

Figure

Related articles

Changes in the clinical course and prognosis of ulcerative colitis in Chinese populations: a retrospective cohort study

Are Truelove and Witts criteria for diagnosing acute severe colitis relevant for the Indian population? A prospective study

Fig. 1 Standard acronym diagram: study population. ASC, acute severe colitis.

Fig. 2 Dot-plot showing distribution of hemoglobin values in our patient cohort.

Fig. 1

Fig. 2

Are Truelove and Witts criteria for diagnosing acute severe colitis relevant for the Indian population? A prospective study

Table 1

Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Our Cohort (n=61)

Value are presented as mean±SD, median (range), or number (%).

^aExtent was not available in 2 patients.

ASC, acute severe colitis; EIMs, extraintestinal manifestations.

Table 2

Comparison of Laboratory Parameters and Management among Patients with Acute Severe Colitis (n=61)

Values are presented as median (range) or number (%). Extent was not available in 2 patients.

^aCRP at admission was not available in 7 patients.

^bOxford 3rd day criteria: stool frequency >8/day or CRP >45 mg/L and 3 to 8 stools on 3rd day of intravenous (IV) corticosteroid therapy.

UCEIS, ulcerative colitis endoscopic severity index.

Table 3

Truelove and Witts Criterion at Admission in Our Cohort

Table 4

Individual Additional Criteria in Truelove and Witts and Their Frequency in Our Cohort

Table 5

Comparison of Truelove and Witts Criteria with and without Hemoglobin as Additional Criterion to Diagnose Acute Severe Colitis (n=61)

NA, not applicable.

Table 1 Baseline Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Our Cohort (n=61)

Value are presented as mean±SD, median (range), or number (%).

^aExtent was not available in 2 patients.

ASC, acute severe colitis; EIMs, extraintestinal manifestations.

Table 2 Comparison of Laboratory Parameters and Management among Patients with Acute Severe Colitis (n=61)

Values are presented as median (range) or number (%). Extent was not available in 2 patients.

^aCRP at admission was not available in 7 patients.

^bOxford 3rd day criteria: stool frequency >8/day or CRP >45 mg/L and 3 to 8 stools on 3rd day of intravenous (IV) corticosteroid therapy.

UCEIS, ulcerative colitis endoscopic severity index.

Table 3 Truelove and Witts Criterion at Admission in Our Cohort

Table 4 Individual Additional Criteria in Truelove and Witts and Their Frequency in Our Cohort

Table 5 Comparison of Truelove and Witts Criteria with and without Hemoglobin as Additional Criterion to Diagnose Acute Severe Colitis (n=61)