Ajit Sood; Kirandeep Kaur; Ramit Mahajan; Vandana Midha; Arshdeep Singh; Sarit Sharma; Amarender Singh Puri; Bhabhadev Goswami; Devendra Desai; C. Ganesh Pai; Kiran Peddi; Mathew Philip; Rakesh Kochhar; Sandeep Nijhawan; Shobna Bhatia; N. Sridhara Rao

doi:10.5217/ir.2019.09169

Articles

Page Path: HOME > Intest Res > Volume 19(2); 2021 > Article

Original Article Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Colitis and Crohn’s Foundation (India): a first nationwide inflammatory bowel disease registry: Ajit Sood^1,, Kirandeep Kaur², Ramit Mahajan¹, Vandana Midha³, Arshdeep Singh¹, Sarit Sharma⁴, Amarender Singh Puri⁵, Bhabhadev Goswami⁶, Devendra Desai⁷, C. Ganesh Pai⁸, Kiran Peddi⁹, Mathew Philip¹⁰, Rakesh Kochhar¹¹, Sandeep Nijhawan¹², Shobna Bhatia¹³, N. Sridhara Rao¹⁴; Intestinal Research 2021;19(2):206-216.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.09169
Published online: July 13, 2020

¹Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

²Department of Pharmacology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

³Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

⁴Department of Community Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, India

⁵Department of Gastroenterology, Govind Ballabh Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India

⁶Department of Gastroenterology, Gauhati Medical College, Guwahati, India

⁷P. D. Hinduja Hospital and Medical Research Centre, Mumbai, India

⁸Department of Gastroenterology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, India

⁹Citizens Centre for Digestive Disorders, Hyderabad, India

¹⁰Lisie Institute of Gastroenterology, Kochi, India

¹¹Department of Gastroenterology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India

¹²Department of Gastroenterology, Sawai Man Singh Medical College, Jaipur, India

¹³Department of Gastroenterology, King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India

¹⁴Purnachandra Gastroenterology Institute, Guntur, India

Correspondence to Ajit Sood, Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Tagore Nagar, Ludhiana 141001, India. Tel: +91-981-5400718, Fax: +91-161-2302620, E-mail: ajitsood10@gmail.com

• Received: December 9, 2019 • Revised: January 27, 2020 • Accepted: January 29, 2020

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

prev next

14,753 Views
506 Download
27 Web of Science
29 Crossref
25 Scopus

Full Article

Download PDF

Abstract
Graphical abstract
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background/Aims
The national registry for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) was designed to study epidemiology and prescribing pattern of treatment of IBD in India.
Methods
A multicenter, cross-sectional, prospective registry was established across four geographical zones of India. Adult patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) or Crohn’s disease (CD) were enrolled between January 2014 and December 2015. Information related to demographics; disease features; complications; and treatment history were collected and analyzed.
Results
A total of 3,863 patients (mean age, 36.7 ± 13.6 years; 3,232 UC [83.7%] and 631 CD [16.3%]) were enrolled. The majority of patients with UC (n = 1,870, 57.9%) were from north, CD was more common in south (n = 348, 55.5%). The UC:CD ratio was 5.1:1. There was a male predominance (male:female = 1.6:1). The commonest presentation of UC was moderately severe (n = 1,939, 60%) and E2 disease (n = 1,895, 58.6%). Patients with CD most commonly presented with ileocolonic (n = 229, 36.3%) inflammatory (n = 504, 79.9%) disease. Extraintestinal manifestations were recorded among 13% and 20% of patients in UC and CD respectively. Less than 1% patients from both cohorts developed colon cancer (n = 26, 0.7%). The commonly used drugs were 5-aminosalicylates (99%) in both UC and CD followed by azathioprine (34.4%). Biologics were used in only 1.5% of patients; more commonly for UC in north and CD in south.
Conclusions
The national IBD registry brings out diversities in the 4 geographical zones of India. This will help in aiding research on IBD and improving quality of patient care.
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel disease; National registry; Colitis, ulcerative; India; Crohn disease

Graphical abstract

INTRODUCTION

Disease registries are clinical tools to help in collection, analysis, and publication of data from the real world [1]. Over the last few decades, disease registries have become an integral part of healthcare system and are considered as powerful as randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Patients included in these registries are those treated in routine clinical practice, where there are no pre-defined study criteria and are followed up for a longer duration than the RCTs [2]. National population-based registries for various diseases can give the opportunity to analyze the external validity of RCTs and aid investigators in evaluation of natural disease course, response to treatment and survival rates [2]. Therefore, the use of national registries for generating real-world data in various diseases, especially those with changing epidemiology is of great value.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), comprising ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD), which were once considered to be diseases of Western world have now become common in developing countries [3-9]. A recent study reporting the incidence and prevalence of IBD from 8 regions in Asia and Australia (Asia Pacific Crohn’s and Colitis Epidemiologic Study, ACCESS) showed an increasing incidence of IBD in these countries [5]. In India, the incidence of UC (6.02/100,000) is much higher than other Asian countries [6]. Similarly, an increasing incidence of CD has been reported by a multicenter study from India [10]. Despite this increasing incidence of IBD in India, prospective longitudinal population or hospital-based data is deficient.

A need for a national level Indian IBD registry to generate real-world data was thus felt and present multicenter registry was designed to study the demographics, clinical presentation, and prescribing patterns for management of UC and CD in 4 geographical zones of India.

METHODS

1. Registry Setting

The Indian IBD registry was initiated by Colitis and Crohn’s Foundation (CCF) India as a multicentric prospective registry involving referral centers from 4 geographical zones (north, east, west, and south) of India. Eleven centers (4 north, 1 east, 2 west, and 4 south) were enrolled from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2015. The Organizing Committee of the IBD Registry included gastroenterologists from these referral centers. A team comprising of a gastroenterologist, nurse and data analyst was set up at every center and weekly meetings were organized to assess the enrollment process. The nodal center of the registry was Department of Gastroenterology, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana. Patients were managed at their respective centers without interference from the registry team. The study was approved by ethics committee of nodal center Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana on behalf of all the participating centers (IRB No. 2015112). The study was performed conforming to the Helsinki declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000 and 2008. Informed consents were obtained.

2. Study Population

All adult patients (> 18 years) attending the IBD clinics or those requiring hospitalization at the various referral centers were enrolled for the registry. Patients were excluded if they were younger than 18 years, had unclassified IBD, or refused to provide consent.

3. Disease Definition

IBD was diagnosed based on the Copenhagen (clinical, laboratory, radiological, and pathological), as follows [11,12]: (1) Clinical: history suggestive of chronic inflammatory diarrhea, abdominal pain, vomiting, weight loss and fever. While blood and mucous in stools and rectal symptoms (urgency, frequency, and tenesmus) favored diagnosis of UC; abdominal pain, malnutrition, and perianal disease favored CD. Physical examination focused on assessing pallor, cachexia, abdominal tenderness, and perianal involvement. (2) Laboratory evaluation: routine hematological and biochemical tests, evidence of anemia, thrombocytosis, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), and C-reactive protein (CRP), hypoproteinemia/hypoalbuminemia and absence of infective causes on stool routine examination and culture. (3) Endoscopy: colonoscopic evidence of contiguous involvement in form of mucosal edema, erythema, erosions/ulcers, granularity, friability, pseudopolyp formation favored diagnosis of UC. Skip areas of involvement, transmural involvement, longitudinal deep ulcers with cobble-stoning, upper gastrointestinal, small bowel, and perianal involvement favored CD. (4) Radiology: computed tomography or magnetic resonance enterography were done in patients with complicated UC and for assessing the extent of CD. Whenever upper gastrointestinal involvement was suspected in CD, based on clinical history and examination, patients were subjected to imaging modalities like barium meal follow through or computed tomography enterography to evaluate the extent of disease. Radiological findings favoring CD were small bowel wall thickening, increased mesenteric vascularity, strictures and/or fistulae and/or perianal disease. (5) Pathology: endoscopic biopsies showing chronic inflammation with cryptitis and crypt abscesses favored UC, while non-caseating granulomas with negative staining for Mycobacterium tuberculosis were suggestive of CD.

4. Disease Classification

The Montreal classification was used to further classify UC and CD [13,14].

5. Disease Severity

Disease severity was defined by the Mayo score in patients with UC [15] and Harvey Bradshaw Index in patients with CD [16].

6. Data Recording

Prospective data collection was done at all the centers. Patient initials, age, gender, religion, socioeconomic status, whether smoker (ever or never), history of appendectomy, disease history along with time since onset of disease, symptoms, family history of IBD (both UC and CD; in both first degree [parents/siblings] and second degree [paternal/maternal uncles/aunts and cousins] relatives), extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs), disease severity and extent, drugs prescribed and requirement of surgery were noted. Each case was recorded once despite multiple visits to the hospital during the study period. The subjects were allowed to withdraw from the IBD disease registry at any time with a written request.

7. Statistical Analysis

Data were described in terms of range; mean ± standard deviation, median, frequencies (number of cases) and relative frequencies (percentages) as appropriate. For comparing categorical data, chi-square test was performed and exact test was used when the expected frequency was less than 5. A probability value (P-value) less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical calculations were done using SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA) and Stata version 12.0 (StataCorp., College Station, TX, USA).

RESULTS

1. Demographics

A total of 3,863 patients (3,232 UC and 631 CD) were enrolled (north, 2,034; east, 260; west, 745; south, 824). There were zonal differences in the number of patients and the type of IBD. More than half of the UC patients (n = 1,870, 57.9%) were enrolled from the northern cohort, while more than half of the CD patients (n = 348, 55.5%) were from the southern cohort. No cases of CD were reported from the eastern cohort. The overall UC:CD ratio was 5.1:1 (north, 11.4:1; east, 260:0; west, 5.3:1; south, 1.4:1). Though UC was more common than CD in all 4 zones, the UC:CD ratio was 8 times higher in north (11.4:1) than south (1.4:1). A male preponderance was noted in all the cohorts. The overall male-to-female ratio was 1.6:1 (UC, 1.5:1; CD, 2.2:1). The mean age at diagnosis of IBD was 36.7 ± 13.6 years, being 37.5 ± 13.2 years for UC patients and 35.8 ± 14.3 years for CD patients. A majority of IBD patients were young adults in the age group of 18–40 years (UC: n = 1,772, 54.8%; CD: n = 387, 61.3%). At the time of enrollment, nearly half of the patients had onset of symptoms within 1 year (n = 1,969, 50.9%; UC: n = 1,627, 50.3%; CD: n = 342, 53.4%) and one-third had symptoms for 1–5 years (n = 1,350, 34.9%; UC: n = 1,154, 35.7%; CD: n = 196, 31.1%). Fourteen percent patients (n = 542; UC: n = 461, 13.9%; CD: n = 91, 14.4%) were symptomatic for more than 5 years.

A positive family history of IBD was reported in 120 patients (3.1%; UC: n = 100, 3.1%; CD: n = 20, 3.2%). History of smoking was elicited in 4.2% and 5.9% of the total UC and CD patients respectively. The highest percentage of smokers in the UC and CD cohorts were from eastern cohorts and southern cohorts respectively. History of appendectomy was noted in 167 (4.3%) patients (UC: n = 145, 4.5%; CD: n = 21, 3.3%).

A difference in religious practices was also noted among the different zones. Overall, a majority of IBD patients were Hindus (n = 2,591, 67%) followed by Sikhs (n = 840, 21.8%), Muslims (n = 235, 6.1%) and Christians (n = 187, 4.8%). Among the UC patients, two-thirds of patients (n = 2,166, 67.0%) were Hindus (north: n = 1,056, 56.5%; east: n = 220, 84.6%; west: n = 557, 89.0%; south: n = 333, 70.0%). The second most common religions were Sikhism (40.1%) in northern cohort; Islam in eastern (9.2%) and western (6.5%) cohorts and Christianity (17.2%) in southern cohort. Among CD patients, Sikhism (51.2%) was most common in northern cohort, and Hinduism in western (86.6%) and southern (71.0%) cohorts. More than three-fourths of the IBD patients (n = 2,664, 68.9%; UC: n = 2,170, 67%; CD: n = 494, 78.3%) belonged to upper middle and lower middle classes and only a few (n = 280, 7.2%; UC: n = 258, 8%; CD: n = 22, 3.5%) belonged to the upper class (Table 1).

2. Clinical Presentation

1) Ulcerative Colitis

Patients with UC most commonly had E2 disease, (n = 1,895, 58.6%) followed by E3 (n = 772, 23.9%) and E1 (n = 565, 17.5%) disease. Zonal differences in presentation have been summarized in Table 2. A majority of patients with UC had moderately severe active colitis (n = 1,939, 60.0%). Regional variations were noted in disease severity. Nearly three-fourths of the patients in northern cohort had moderately severe disease (n = 1,394, 74.5%) while a similar proportion in eastern cohort had mild disease (n = 198, 76.2%). In the southern cohort, nearly half of the patients had moderately severe disease (n = 232, 48.7%), closely followed by severe disease (n = 201, 42.2%). Thirteen percent of the patients with UC (n = 422) had EIMs. These are summarized in Table 2. EIMs were more common in age groups 18–40 years (14.3%) and age > 60 years (14.9%); females (15.7%); and severe disease (17.9%) (Table 3). Only 22 patients (0.7%) had history of colon cancer.

2) Crohn’s Disease

Among the CD patients, the most common age at diagnosis was 17–40 years (n = 387, 61.3%). Overall, the commonest disease location was L3 (36.29%), followed by L1 (30.74%), and L2 (29.31%). However, there was a significant regional variation in the disease location (P< 0.001). The most common locations were L1 (46.3%); L2 (59.7%), and L3 (49.1%) in the northern, western and southern cohorts respectively. Fourfifths of the patients presented with non-stricturing, non-penetrating (B1) disease (n = 504, 79.9%). The disease was moderately severe in a majority of patients (n = 415, 65.8%). Severe disease was seen in 122 out of 631 patients (19.3%), and the maximum number (111/122, 90.1%) were from the southern cohort. One-fifth of the patients (n = 130, 20.6%) developed EIMs. EIMs were most commonly reported from the southern cohort (n = 91, 26.1%). When analyzed, EIMs were more commonly associated with age > 40 years (27.0%); ileal disease (28.4%); non-stricturing and non-penetrating (B1) disease behavior (23.4%); and severe disease (41.8%) (Table 3). Only 4 out of 631 patients (0.6%) had history of colon cancer.

3. Prescribing Pattern and Treatment

Of a total 3,863 IBD patients, 3,825 (99.0%) received aminosalicylates. The distribution of the use of various groups of drugs is mentioned in Table 4. Among the UC patients, 1,354 patients (41.9%) received steroids. A majority of these patients were from the northern (n = 781, 41.8%) and western (n = 335, 53.5%) cohorts. The patients of 30% (n = 989) received azathioprine, with the maximum proportion being in eastern cohort (n = 238, 91.5%). Biologics and biosimilars were used in 41 patients (1.3%), the proportion of these patients was highest in eastern (3.1%) followed by northern (1.5%) cohorts. Surgical intervention was needed in 46 patients (1.2%), most commonly in the northern cohort (2.1%).

Among the CD cohort, 244 out of 631 patients (38.7%) were on corticosteroids. Corticosteroid use was noted in a higher proportion of patients in the western (52.9%) and northern (51.2%) cohorts than from southern cohort (27.9%). Use of immunosuppressants (azathioprine) was reported in 340 patients (53.9%) and biologics in 16 patients (2.5%). Both these drugs were most commonly used in the southern cohort (azathioprine: n = 231, 66.4%; biologics: n = 14, 4.2%). Thirty patients (4.8%) had past history of use of antitubercular therapy, this was reported most commonly from the western cohort (n = 29, 24.4%). A total of 10.14% patients underwent surgery for CD, the rates of surgical intervention were highest in the western cohort (23.5%).

DISCUSSION

IBD has been increasingly reported from South Asia and South East Asia in the last two decades. Though the prevalence of IBD in India is lesser than that in the West, considering a population of 1.3 billion, the disease burden seems to be the highest worldwide [17]. Despite the rapidly increasing numbers of IBD patients, there are significant gaps in the knowledge of epidemiology and risk factors [18]. The present national IBD registry is an attempt to assess the demographic profile of patients from 4 different geographical zones in India.

The results of national IBD registry show significant differences in the demographic profile of the patient cohorts from the 4 geographical regions of India. UC was more common than CD, with a UC:CD ratio of 5.1:1. However, more than half of the UC patients were reported from the northern cohort and a majority of CD patients were from south. This north-south divide lends credence to the potential contribution of environmental (e.g., social, cultural, behavioral) risk factors apart from genetic predisposition. This derives support from the population genetic studies which have demonstrated that: (1) the genomic structure of contemporary Indian populations arose from different proportions of ancestral components namely Ancestral North Indians (ANI), Ancestral South Indians (ASI), Ancestral Austro-Asiatic and Ancestral Tibeto-Burman; (2) North Indians (NI) and South Indians (SI) have a higher proportion of ANI and ASI respectively; (3) ANI show higher genetic affinity with West Eurasians and ASI is distantly related to indigenous Andaman Islanders [19]. The genetic relatedness between NI and Caucasians is in line with studies wherein shared and unique UC genetic risk has been observed between these 2 populations [20-22]. Association of autophagy related gene (IRGM gene) SNPs (rs1000113, rs9637876, and rs13361189) with CD has been reported from south India [23]. A recent study demonstrated similar genetic landscape with most of the common variants shared between NI and SI, however signatures of recent adaptation unique to the 2 study populations were identified, which may have contributed to genetic differentiation of some genomic regions between NI and SI, and resulted in a varying prevalence of genetic disorders or differential susceptibility to diseases in the 2 populations [24].

India has diverse cultures, religious beliefs, diets and climates. A majority of Sikhs reside in northern states of India. The northern cohort therefore had the highest percentage of Sikhs. Sikhism prohibits smoking and the latter has been shown to be a risk factor in development of CD [25,26]. This may be one of the factors contributing to the lesser prevalence of CD in the northern cohort. An epidemiological study among South Asian migrants and European residents of Leicestershire has also shown a higher risk of UC among Sikhs and a less risk among Muslims [27]. Further studies are required to assess genetic and environmental factors in Sikhs which may predispose them to UC. Indian diet is also very diverse and relates to social identity, religion and cultural factors [28,29]. These differences in diet may in turn result in differences in gut microbial composition and diversity.

The mean age at diagnosis of IBD was 36.7 ± 13.6 years and the age distribution was similar in all 4 zones. This was in contradiction to the Western data where IBD has a bimodal age distribution, with a second peak at 60–79 years [30]. Also, unlike West where CD presents 5–10 years earlier than UC, the age distribution in our population was similar, i.e. 37.5 ± 13.2 years for UC and 35.8 ± 14.3 years for CD [31]. A male preponderance was noted for both UC and CD (ratio of male:female was 1.6:1 [UC, 1.5:1 and CD, 2.2:1]). Similar findings have been reported from other Indian and Asian studies [32-35]. However this is contrary to Western data, where gender distribution is either equal or has slight male preponderance in UC, and a female preponderance is noted in CD [18]. The male preponderance could be related to higher prevalence of smoking or a socio-referral bias, as in some areas of India females have lesser access to medical care. Family history of IBD was elicited in 3% IBD patients (UC, 3.1% and CD, 3.16%), which was similar to other Indian and Asian studies but strikingly less than the Western data [36-38]. Given the intertwined effects of genes and environment on complex disorders such as IBD, varied disease presentation in different zones of India could be secondary to the combined role of genetic effects and disease-promoting environment on intra-population variation in UC and CD. This however needs further studies. The rate of perianal disease modifier was very low in this study and this finding was different from other Asian studies. The perianal disease modifier in this registry refers to fistulizing perianal disease, hence lower rates. The fistulizing disease was confirmed by physical examination, fistulograms or MRI pelvis. Some patients of perianal disease may have been missed due to incomplete data from different centers. However, the proportion of these patients is not expected to be high.

The treatment practices in IBD patients were variable in different zones. Though 5-aminosalicylates were administered to nearly all patients, the use of immunosuppressants, biologics and surgical intervention varied in different zones. Differentiating intestinal tuberculosis from CD is challenging in developing countries. When in doubt, patients were treated with antitubercular therapy first and were included only if there was no response to anti-tubercular therapy. This is evident from the fact nearly 5% patients (n = 33) with CD had previously been treated with anti-tubercular therapy, the maximum proportion being in the western cohort. Surgical interventions were more commonly required in patients with CD (10.1%), as compared to UC (1.4%). Amongst the patients with CD, maximum number of surgeries was reported from the south, probably due to the severest disease in this cohort.

There are a few limitations of our registry. These include the non-inclusion of the follow-up period for treatment responses; limited participation of centers in the eastern and western India and missing data from few centers. The prevalence of IBD in India cannot be calculated due to these limitations. However, despite these limitations, the results of this IBD registry will be very helpful in healthcare decision taking for Indian medical fraternity. It may lay the foundation for a prospectively maintained national IBD registry for the survey of patient demographics and evaluation of the quality of healthcare for IBD patients. In addition to this, this may provide a better understanding of the incidence and progression of the disease in India.

NOTES

Funding Source

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

Sood A and Puri AS are editorial board members of the journal but did not involve in the peer reviewer selection, evaluation, or decision process of this article. No other potential conflicts of interest relevant to this article were reported.

Author Contribution

Conception and design: Sood A, Midha V. Supervision, analysis and interpretation of the data: Sood A, Midha V. Collection: Kaur K, Mahajan R, Singh A, Sharma S, Puri AS, Goswami B, Desai D, Pai CG, Peddi K, Philip M, Kochhar R, Nijhawan S, Bhatia S, Rao NS. Drafting of the article: all authors. Critical revision of the article for important intellectual content: all authors. Final approval of the article: all authors.

Table 1.

Demographic Data of Enrolled Patients

Variable		Total	Ulcerative colitis					Crohn’s disease
Variable		Total	North	East	West	South	Total	North	East	West	South	Total
No. of patients		3,863	1,870 (57.9)	260 (8.0)	626 (19.4)	476 (14.7)	3,232	164 (26)	0	119 (18.9)	348 (55.2)	631
Sex
	Male	2,363 (61.2)	1,070 (57.2)	194 (74.6)	360 (57.5)	306 (64.3)	1,930 (59.7)	118 (72.0)	0	74 (62.2)	241 (69.3)	433 (68.6)
	Female	1,500 (38.8)	800 (42.8)	66 (25.4)	266 (42.5)	170 (35.7)	1,302 (40.3)	46 (28.0)	0	45 (37.8)	107 (30.7)	198 (31.4)
	Ratio of male:female	1.6:1	1.3:1	2.9:1	1.4:1	1.8:1	1.5:1	2.6:1	-	1.6:1	2.3:1	2.2:1
Age at diagnosis (yr)									-
	< 18	216 (5.6)	135 (7.2)	6 (2.4)	12 (1.9)	29 (6.1)	182 (5.6)	9 (5.5)		2 (1.7)	23 (6.6)	34 (5.4)
	18–40	2,159 (55.9)	958 (51.2)	116 (44.6)	437 (69.8)	261 (54.8)	1,772 (54.8)	82 (50.0)		96 (82.7)	209 (60.0)	387 (61.3)
	41–60	1,240 (32.1)	620 (33.1)	130 (50.0)	138 (22.0)	142 (29.8)	1,030 (31.9)	73 (44.5)		21 (17.6)	116 (33.3)	210 (33.3)
	> 61	248 (6.4)	157 (8.4)	8 (3.1)	39 (6.2)	44 (9.2)	248 (7.7)	0		0	0	0
Duration of symptoms (yr)									-
	< 1	1,969 (50.9)	816 (43.6)	208 (80.0)	258 (41.2)	345 (72.5)	1,627 (50.3)	74 (45.1)		12 (10.1)	256 (73.6)	342 (53.4)
	1–5	1,350 (34.9)	690 (36.9)	52 (20.0)	319 (51.0)	93 (19.5)	1,154 (35.7)	60 (36.6)		62 (52.1)	74 (21.3)	196 (31.1)
	>5	542 (14)	364 (19.5)	0	49 (7.8)	38 (8.0)	451 (13.9)	30 (18.3)		45 (37.8)	18 (5.2)	91 (14.4)
Smokers									-
	Never	3,692 (95.6)	1,830 (97.9)	226 (86.9)	597 (95.4)	445 (93.5)	3,098 (95.9)	160 (97.6)		117 (98.3)	317 (91.1)	594 (94.1)
	Ever	171 (4.4)	40 (2.1)	34 (13.1)	29 (4.6)	31 (6.5)	134 (4.1)	4 (2.4)		2 (1.7)	31 (8.9)	37 (5.9)
Appendectomy									-
	Yes	167 (4.3)	113 (6.0)	2 (0.8)	9 (1.4)	22 (4.6)	146 (4.5)	4 (2.4)		4 (3.4)	13 (3.7)	21 (3.3)
Family history									-
	Positive	120 (3.10)	76 (4.1)	0	19 (3.0)	5 (1.1)	100 (3.1)	5 (3.0)		4 (3.4)	11 (3.2)	20 (3.16)
Religion									-
	Hindu	2,591 (67)	1,056 (56.5)	220 (84.6)	557 (89.0)	333 (70.0)	2,166 (67.0)	75 (45.7)		103 (86.6)	247 (71.0)	425 (67.4)
	Sikh	840 (21.8)	750 (40.1)	0	1 (0.2)	2 (0.4)	753 (23.3)	84 (51.2)		0	3 (0.9)	87 (13.8)
	Muslim	235 (6.1)	61 (3.3)	24 (9.2)	41 (6.5)	59 (12.4)	185 (5.7)	0		10 (8.4)	40 (11.5)	50 (7.9)
	Christian	187 (4.8)	3 (0.2)	16 (6.2)	26 (4.2)	82 (17.2)	127 (3.9)	0		2 (1.7)	58 (16.7)	60 (9.5)
	Others	10 (0.3)	0	0	1 (0.2)	0	1 (0.0)	5 (3.0)		4 (3.4)	0	9 (1.4)
Socioeconomic status									-
	Upper	280 (7.2)	82 (4.4)	94 (36.2)	8 (1.3)	74 (15.5)	258 (8)	7 (4.3)		3 (2.5)	12 (3.4)	22 (3.5)
	Upper middle	946 (24.5)	416 (22.2)	102 (39.2)	153 (24.4)	128 (26.9)	799 (24.7)	33 (20.1)		29 (24.4)	85 (24.4)	147 (23.3)
	Lower middle	1,718 (44.5)	876 (46.8)	58 (22.3)	330 (52.7)	107 (22.5)	1,371 (42.4)	92 (56.1)		81 (68.1)	174 (50)	347 (55)
	Upper lower	919 (23.8)	496 (26.5)	6 (2.3)	135 (21.6)	167 (35.1)	804 (24.9)	32 (19.5)		6 (5.0)	77 (22.1)	115 (18.2)
	Lower	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 2.

Clinical Presentation of Enrolled Patients

Clinical presentation		Total	Ulcerative colitis					Crohn’s disease
Clinical presentation		Total	North	East	West	South	Total	North	East^a	West	South	Total
Montreal classification									-
	E1	565 (17.5)	386 (20.6)	20 (7.7)	70 (11.2)	89 (18.7)	565 (17.5)	-		-	-	-
	E2	1,895 (58.6)	1,050 (56.1)	238 (91.5)	341 (54.5)	266 (55.9)	1,895 (58.6)	-		-	-	-
	E3	772 (23.9)	434 (23.2)	2 (0.8)	215 (34.3)	121 (25.4)	772 (23.9)	-		-	-	-
	A1	34 (5.4)	-	-	-	-	-	9 (5.5)		2 (1.7)	23 (6.6)	34 (5.4)
	A2	387 (61.3)	-	-	-	-	-	82 (50.0)		96 (80.7)	209 (60.1)	387 (61.3)
	A3	210 (33.3)	-	-	-	-	-	73 (44.5)		21 (17.6)	116 (33.3)	210 (33.3)
	B1	504 (79.9)	-	-	-	-	-	125 (76.2)		72 (60.5)	307 (88.2)	504 (79.9)
	B2	106 (16.8)	-	-	-	-	-	33 (20.1)		47 (39.5)	26 (7.5)	106 (16.8)
	B3	21 (3.3)	-	-	-	-	-	6 (3.7)		0	15 (4.3)	21 (3.3)
	L1	194 (30.8)	-	-	-	-	-	76 (46.3)		16 (13.4)	102 (29.3)	194 (30.8)
	L2	195 (30.9)	-	-	-	-	-	55 (33.5)		71 (59.7)	69 (19.8)	195 (30.9)
	L3	229 (36.3)	-	-	-	-	-	26 (15.9)		32 (26.9)	171 (49.1)	229 (36.3)
	L4	13 (2.1)	-	-	-	-	-	7 (4.3)		0	6 (1.7)	13 (2.1)
	P	10 (1.6)	-	-	-	-	-	2 (1.2)		0	8 (2.3)	10 (1.6)
Disease severity^b									-
	Mild	721 (18.7)	179 (9.6)	198 (76.2)	207 (33.1)	43 (9.0)	627 (19.4)	13 (7.9)		31 (26.1)	50 (14.4)	94 (14.9)
	Moderate	2,354 (60.9)	1,394 (74.5)	60 (23.1)	253 (40.4)	232 (48.7)	1,939 (60.0)	148 (90.2)		80 (67.2)	187 (53.7)	415 (65.8)
	Severe	788 (20.4)	297 (15.9)	2 (0.8)	166 (26.5)	201 (42.2)	666 (20.6)	3 (1.8)		8 (6.7)	111 (31.9)	122 (19.3)
Extraintestinal manifestations									-
	Total	552 (14.9)	214 (11.4)	0	116 (18.5)	92 (19.3)	422 (13.1)	30 (18.3)		9 (7.6)	91 (26.1)	130 (20.6)
	Musculoskeletal	150 (3.9)	16 (0.9)	0	89 (14.2)	23 (4.8)	128 (4.0)	4 (2.4)		0	18 (5.2)	22 (3.5)
	Cardiovascular	5 (0.1)	0	0	0	3 (0.6)	3 (0.1)	1 (0.6)		0	1 (0.3)	2 (0.3)
	Genitourinary amyloidosis	111 (2.9)	65 (3.5)	0	0	2 (0.4)	67 (2.1)	9 (5.5)		0	35 (10.1)	44 (7.0)
	Glomerulonephritis	6 (0.2)						3 (1.8)			3 (0.9)	6 (0.9)
	Hepatobiliary	81 (2.1)	2 (0.1)	0	11 (1.8)	29 (6.1)	42 (1.3)	0		0	39 (11.2)	39 (6.2)
	Dermatologic	60 (1.6)	4 (0.2)	0	20 (3.2)	10 (2.1)	34 (1.1)	2 (1.2)		5 (4.2)	19 (5.5)	26 (4.1)
	Hematological	21 (0.5)	0	0	0	12 (2.5)	12 (0.4)	0		0	9 (2.6)	9 (1.4)
	Neurological (seizures)	3 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	0	0	0	2 (0.1)	0		0	1 (0.3)	1 (0.2)
	Ophthalmological	54 (1.4)	2 (0.1)	0	21 (3.4)	5 (1.1)	28 (0.9)	5 (3.0)		5 (4.2)	16 (4.6)	26 (4.1)
	Pulmonary	3 (0.1)	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	3 (0.9)	3 (0.5)
	Pancreatitis	1 (0.0)	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	1 (0.3)	1 (0.2)
Colon cancer									-
	Yes	26 (0.7)	2 (0.1)	0	17 (2.7)	3 (0.6)	22 (0.7)	1 (0.6)		0	3 (0.9)	4 (0.6)

Values are presented as number (%).

^a No cases of Crohn’s disease were reported from the eastern cohort.

^b Ulcerative colitis: Mayo score, Crohn’s disease: Harvey Bradshaw Index.

Table 3.

Extraintestinal Manifestations

Variable	Extraintestinal manifestations		Total	χ2	P-value
Variable	No	Yes	Total	χ2	P-value
Ulcerative colitis
Age group (yr)				10.756	0.029
18–40	1,688 (86.4)	266 (13.6)	1,954
41–60	910 (88.3)	120 (11.7)	1,030
> 60	200 (85.1)	35 (14.9)	235
Sex				13.878	0.000
Female	1,097 (84.3)	205 (15.7)	1,302
Male	1,713 (88.8)	217 (11.2)	1,930
Extent				16.895	0.000
Left sided	1,643 (86.7)	252 (13.3)	1,895
Pancolitis	649 (84.1)	123 (15.9)	772
Proctitis	518 (91.7)	47 (8.3)	565
Disease severity				26.133	0.000
Mild	575 (91.7)	52 (8.3)	627
Moderate	1,688 (87.1)	251 (12.9)	1,939
Severe	547 (82.1)	119 (17.9)	666
Immunosuppressant				36.233	0.000
None	1,897 (84.6)	346 (15.4)	2,243
Yes	913 (92.3)	76 (7.7)	989
Crohn’s disease
Age at diagnosis (yr)				12.745	0.002
1–16	33 (97.1)	1 (2.9)	34
17–40	315 (81.4)	72 (18.6)	387
> 40	154 (73.0)	57 (27.0)	211
Sex				0.002	0.965
Female	157 (79.3)	41 (20.7)	198
Male	344 (79.4)	89 (20.6)	433
Extent				15.030	0.005
Colon	154 (83.2)	31 (16.8)	185
Colon+small intestine	185 (80.8)	44 (19.2)	229
Perianal	10 (100)	0	10
Proximal gastrointestinal	13 (100)	0	13
Small intestine	139 (71.6)	55 (28.4)	194
Disease presentation				12.092	0.002
Fistulizing	19 (90.5)	2 (9.5)	21
Inflammatory	386 (76.6)	118 (23.4)	504
Stricturing	96 (90.6)	10 (9.4)	106
Disease severity				44.051	0.000
Mild	85 (90.4)	9 (9.6)	94
Moderate	345 (83.1)	70 (16.9)	415
Severe	71 (58.2)	51 (41.8)	122
Immunosuppressant				0.340	0.560
None	234 (80.4)	57 (19.6)	291
Yes	267 (78.5)	73 (21.5)	340

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 4.

Prescribing Pattern and Treatment in Enrolled Patients

Variable	Total	Ulcerative colitis					Crohn’s disease
Variable	Total	North	East	West	South	Total	North	East^a	West	South	Total
5-ASA	3,825 (99.0)	1,852 (99.0)	258 (99.2)	619 (98.9)	469 (98.5)	3,198 (98.9)	160 (97.6)	-	119 (100)	348 (100)	627 (99.4)
Corticosteroids	1,598 (41.4)	781 (41.8)	64 (24.6)	335 (53.5)	174 (36.6)	1,354 (41.9)	84 (51.2)	-	63 (52.9)	97 (27.9)	244 (38.7)
Azathioprine	1,329 (34.4)	481 (25.7)	238 (91.5)	142 (22.7)	128 (26.9)	989 (30.6)	43 (26.2)	-	66 (55.5)	231 (66.4)	340 (53.9)
Biologics	57 (1.5)	28 (1.5)	8 (3.1)	0	5 (1.1)	41 (1.3)	2 (1.2)	-	0	14 (4.2)	16 (2.5)
ATT	33 (0.9)	1 (0.1)	0	1 (0.2)	2 (0.4)	3 (0.1)	1 (0.6)	-	29 (24.4)	0	30 (4.8)
Surgery	110 (2.8)	39 (2.1)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.2)	5 (1.1)	46 (1.4)	22 (13.4)	-	28 (23.5)	14 (4.0)	64 (10.1)

Values are presented as number (%).

^a No cases of Crohn’s disease were reported from the eastern cohort.

5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; ATT, anti-tubercular therapy.

REFERENCES

1. Solomon DH, Shadick NA, Weinblatt ME, et al. Clinical patient registry recruitment and retention: a survey of patients in two chronic disease registries. BMC Med Res Methodol 2017;17:59.Article PubMed PMC PDF
2. Bergqvist D, Björck M, Säwe J, Troëng T. Randomized trials or population-based registries. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2007;34:253–256.Article PubMed
3. Gordon H, Langholz E. The EpiCom survey: registries across Europe, epidemiological research and beyond. J Crohns Colitis 2017;11:1019–1021.Article PubMed PDF
4. Winter DA, Karolewska-Bochenek K, Lazowska-Przeorek I, et al. Pediatric IBD-unclassified is less common than previously reported; results of an 8-year audit of the EUROKIDS registry. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:2145–2153.Article PubMed
5. Ng SC, Tang W, Ching JY, et al. Incidence and phenotype of inflammatory bowel disease based on results from the Asiapacific Crohn’s and colitis epidemiology study. Gastroenterology 2013;145:158–165.Article PubMed
6. Ahuja V, Tandon RK. Inflammatory bowel disease in the AsiaPacific area: a comparison with developed countries and regional differences. J Dig Dis 2010;11:134–147.Article PubMed
7. Al-Shamali MA, Kalaoui M, Patty I, Hasan F, Khajah A, Al-Nakib B. Ulcerative colitis in Kuwait: a review of 90 cases. Digestion 2003;67:218–224.Article PubMed
8. Tezel A, Dökmeci G, Eskiocak M, Umit H, Soylu AR. Epidemiological features of ulcerative colitis in Trakya, Turkey. J Int Med Res 2003;31:141–148.Article PubMed
9. Niv Y, Abuksis G, Fraser GM. Epidemiology of ulcerative colitis in Israel: a survey of Israeli kibbutz settlements. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:693–698.Article PubMed
10. Das K, Ghoshal UC, Dhali GK, Benjamin J, Ahuja V, Makharia GK. Crohn’s disease in India: a multicenter study from a country where tuberculosis is endemic. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:1099–1107.Article PubMed PDF
11. Munkholm P, Langholz E, Nielsen OH, Kreiner S, Binder V. Incidence and prevalence of Crohn’s disease in the county of Copenhagen, 1962-87: a sixfold increase in incidence. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27:609–614.Article PubMed
12. Langholz E, Munkholm P, Nielsen OH, Kreiner S, Binder V. Incidence and prevalence of ulcerative colitis in Copenhagen county from 1962 to 1987. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26:1247–1256.Article PubMed
13. Silverberg MS, Satsangi J, Ahmad T, et al. Toward an integrated clinical, molecular and serological classification of inflammatory bowel disease: report of a Working Party of the 2005 Montreal World Congress of Gastroenterology. Can J Gastroenterol 2005;19 Suppl A:5A–36A.Article PubMed PDF
14. Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, Colombel JF. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut 2006;55:749–753.Article PubMed
15. Schroeder KW, Tremaine WJ, Ilstrup DM. Coated oral 5-aminosalicylic acid therapy for mildly to moderately active ulcerative colitis: a randomized study. N Engl J Med 1987;317:1625–1629.Article PubMed
16. Harvey RF, Bradshaw JM. A simple index of Crohn’s-disease activity. Lancet 1980;1:514.Article PubMed
17. Singh P, Ananthakrishnan A, Ahuja V. Pivot to Asia: inflammatory bowel disease burden. Intest Res 2017;15:138–141.Article PubMed PMC PDF
18. Kedia S, Ahuja V. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in India: the great shift East. Inflamm Intest Dis 2017;2:102–115.Article PubMed PMC
19. Basu A, Sarkar-Roy N, Majumder PP. Genomic reconstruction of the history of extant populations of India reveals five distinct ancestral components and a complex structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016;113:1594–1599.Article PubMed PMC
20. Juyal G, Prasad P, Senapati S, et al. An investigation of genomewide studies reported susceptibility loci for ulcerative colitis shows limited replication in north Indians. PLoS One 2011;6:e16565.Article PubMed PMC
21. Juyal G, Negi S, Sood A, et al. Genome-wide association scan in north Indians reveals three novel HLA-independent risk loci for ulcerative colitis. Gut 2015;64:571–579.Article PubMed
22. Liu JZ, van Sommeren S, Huang H, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet 2015;47:979–986.Article PubMed PMC PDF
23. Baskaran K, Pugazhendhi S, Ramakrishna BS. Association of IRGM gene mutations with inflammatory bowel disease in the Indian population. PLoS One 2014;9:e106863.Article PubMed PMC
24. Juyal G, Mondal M, Luisi P, et al. Population and genomic lessons from genetic analysis of two Indian populations. Hum Genet 2014;133:1273–1287.Article PubMed PDF
25. To N, Gracie DJ, Ford AC. The importance of smoking cessation in improving disease course in Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroenterol 2016;111:1198.Article PDF
26. Kuenzig ME, Lee SM, Eksteen B, et al. Smoking influences the need for surgery in patients with the inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis incorporating disease duration. BMC Gastroenterol 2016;16:143.Article PubMed PMC PDF
27. Probert CS, Jayanthi V, Pinder D, Wicks AC, Mayberry JF. Epidemiological study of ulcerative proctocolitis in Indian migrants and the indigenous population of Leicestershire. Gut 1992;33:687–693.Article PubMed PMC
28. Vecchio MG, Paramesh EC, Paramesh H, et al. Types of food and nutrient intake in India: a literature review. Indian J Pediatr 2014;81 Suppl 1:17–22.Article PubMed PDF
29. Green R, Milner J, Joy EJ, Agrawal S, Dangour AD. Dietary patterns in India: a systematic review. Br J Nutr 2016;116:142–148.Article PubMed PMC
30. Sonnenberg A. Age distribution of IBD hospitalization. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:452–457.Article PubMed
31. Duricova D, Burisch J, Jess T, Gower-Rousseau C, Lakatos PL, ECCO-EpiCom. Age-related differences in presentation and course of inflammatory bowel disease: an update on the population-based literature. J Crohns Colitis 2014;8:1351–1361.Article PubMed PDF
32. Kalaria R, Desai D, Abraham P, Joshi A, Gupta T, Shah S. Temporal change in phenotypic behaviour in patients with Crohn’s disease: do Indian patients behave differently from Western and other Asian patients? J Crohns Colitis 2016;10:255–261.Article PubMed PDF
33. Malekzadeh MM, Sima A, Alatab S, et al. Iranian Registry of Crohn’s and Colitis: study profile of first nation-wide inflammatory bowel disease registry in Middle East. Intest Res 2019;17:330–339.Article PubMed PMC PDF
34. Yang SK, Yun S, Kim JH, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in the Songpa-Kangdong district, Seoul, Korea, 1986-2005: a KASID study. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008;14:542–549.Article PubMed
35. Asakura K, Nishiwaki Y, Inoue N, Hibi T, Watanabe M, Takebayashi T. Prevalence of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2009;44:659–665.Article PubMed PDF
36. Makharia GK, Ramakrishna BS, Abraham P, et al. Survey of inflammatory bowel diseases in India. Indian J Gastroenterol 2012;31:299–306.Article PubMed PDF
37. Ng SC, Leung WK, Shi HY, et al. Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease from 1981 to 2014: results from a territorywide population-based registry in Hong Kong. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016;22:1954–1960.Article PubMed
38. Childers RE, Eluri S, Vazquez C, Weise RM, Bayless TM, Hutfless S. Family history of inflammatory bowel disease among patients with ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis 2014;8:1480–1497.Article PubMed PDF

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Diverse Phenotypes, Consistent Treatment: A Study of 30 997 South Asian and White Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients Using the UK Inflammatory Bowel Disease BioResource
Sharmili Balarajah, Laura Martinez-Gili, James Leslie Alexander, Benjamin Harvey Mullish, Robert William Perry, Jia V Li, Julian Roberto Marchesi, Miles Parkes, Timothy Robin Orchard, Lucy Charlotte Hicks, Horace Richard Timothy Williams
Journal of Crohn's and Colitis.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Inflammatory bowel disease in south Asia: a scoping review
Shabari Shenoy, Anuraag Jena, Carrie Levinson, Vishal Sharma, Parakkal Deepak, Tina Aswani-Omprakash, Shaji Sebastian, Jean-Frederic Colombel, Manasi Agrawal
The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2025; 10(3): 259. CrossRef
Comparison of 1‐Year Clinical Course in Patients With Newly Diagnosed Inflammatory Bowel Disease Between Vietnam and Korea: A Multinational, Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Luan Minh Dang, Eun Soo Kim, Kyeong Ok Kim, Yoo Jin Lee, Hoang Huu Bui, Chuong Dinh Nguyen, Chi Thi Nguyen, Nam Hoai Nguyen, Hien Thi‐Thu Nguyen, Nga Thi Dinh, Lien Thi‐Phuong Nguyen, Khien Van Vu, Minh Cuong Duong
JGH Open.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Burden of inflammatory bowel disease in India: analysis of the Global Burden of Disease study from 1990 to 2019
Suprabhat Giri, Anuraag Jena, Praveen Kumar-M, Jaikumar Rajavoor Muniswamy, Preetam Nath, Vishal Sharma
Intestinal Research.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Dietary essential oil components: A systematic review of preclinical studies on the management of gastrointestinal diseases
Rajiv Gandhi Gopalsamy, Poovathumkal James Antony, Kumaraswamy Athesh, Varghese Edwin Hillary, Monalisa Martins Montalvão, Govindasamy Hariharan, Lucas Alves da Mota Santana, Lysandro Pinto Borges, Ricardo Queiroz Gurgel
Phytomedicine.2025; 140: 156630. CrossRef
FoxP3-positive T regulatory cells and its effector mechanisms in Crohn’s disease: an immunohistochemical and image morphometric analysis on endoscopic mucosal biopsies
Susama Patra, Shalini Chaudhary, Subash Chandra Samal, Pavithra Ayyanar, Somanath Padhi, Hemanta Kumar Nayak, Amit Kumar Satapathy, Saurav Nayak, Ajit Sahu, Tapaskanti Parida, Mohammed Shahin
European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Global prevalence of biologic drugs use in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Caroline Tianeze de Castro, Douglas da Silva Oliveira, Fabrício Freire de Melo, Mauricio Lima Barreto, Carlos Antonio de Souza Teles Santos, Djanilson Barbosa dos Santos
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology.2025; 60(5): 439. CrossRef
Demographic and Phenotypic Distribution of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in 1015 Patients Attending a Quaternary Care Center in Nepal
Umid K Shrestha, Rabin Sharma
Cureus.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Tofacitinib in Acute Severe Ulcerative Colitis (TACOS): A Randomized Controlled Trial
Arshdeep Singh, Manjeet Kumar Goyal, Vandana Midha, Ramit Mahajan, Kirandeep Kaur, Yogesh Kumar Gupta, Dharmatma Singh, Namita Bansal, Ramandeep Kaur, Shivam Kalra, Omesh Goyal, Varun Mehta, Ajit Sood
American Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 119(7): 1365. CrossRef
Clinical profile of patients with ulcerative colitis- A hospital based study from Madhya Pradesh
Mayank Jain
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2024; 43(1): 274. CrossRef
Real-world effectiveness and safety of ustekinumab induction therapy for Korean patients with Crohn’s disease: a KASID prospective multicenter study
Kyunghwan Oh, Hee Seung Hong, Nam Seok Ham, Jungbok Lee, Sang Hyoung Park, Suk-Kyun Yang, Hyuk Yoon, You Sun Kim, Chang Hwan Choi, Byong Duk Ye
Intestinal Research.2023; 21(1): 137. CrossRef
Gender Differences in Psychological Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease in China: A Multicenter Study
Chuan Liu, Jixiang Zhang, Min Chen, Ping An, Jiankang Xiang, Rong Yu, Suqi Zeng, Shuchun Wei, Beiying Deng, Zhongchun Liu, Changqing Jiang, Jie Shi, Kaichun Wu, Weiguo Dong
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(5): 1791. CrossRef
Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging spectrum of complex perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease: A cohort study from northern India
Arshdeep Singh, Chandan Kakkar, Shreya Garg, Kirti Arora, Vandana Midha, Ramit Mahajan, Satpal Singh Virk, Narender Pal Jain, Dharmatma Singh, Kriti Sood, Ashish Tripathi, Dhruv Gupta, Ishita Gupta Kaushal, Ritu Dhawan Galhotra, Kavita Saggar, Ajit Sood
Indian Journal of Gastroenterology.2023; 42(5): 668. CrossRef
Is disease activity associated with social support and psychological distress in Crohn’s disease patients? Results of a cross-sectional study in a Chinese hospital population
Mengting Huang, Lei Tu, Linxia Wu, Yan Zou, Xin Li, Xiaofei Yue, Chen Huang, Ping Lei, Qian Li, Ping Han, Lian Yang, Liangru Zhu
BMJ Open.2023; 13(10): e076219. CrossRef
Update on the epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia: where are we now?
Sang Hyoung Park
Intestinal Research.2022; 20(2): 159. CrossRef
Personalized medicine in inflammatory bowel disease: Perspectives on Asia
Su Hyun Park, Sang Hyoung Park
Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2022; 37(8): 1434. CrossRef
Inflammatory bowel disease in Korea: epidemiology and pathophysiology
Jung Won Lee, Chang Soo Eun
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2022; 37(5): 885. CrossRef
Clostridioides Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Mi Rae Lee, Eun Soo Kim
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 80(2): 66. CrossRef
Latent and Active Tuberculosis Infection in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Byung Chul Jin, Hee Jin Moon, Sang Wook Kim
The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2022; 80(2): 72. CrossRef
Management of inflammatory bowel disease beyond tumor necrosis factor inhibitors: novel biologics and small-molecule drugs
Soo-Young Na, You Sun Kim
The Korean Journal of Internal Medicine.2022; 37(5): 906. CrossRef
What Are the Different Phenotypes of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Asia?
Su Bee Park, Jin Young Yoon, Jae Myung Cha
Gut and Liver.2022; 16(5): 676. CrossRef
Identifying Care Challenges as Opportunities for Research and Education in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in South Asia
Madhura Balasubramaniam, Neilanjan Nandi, Tina Aswani-Omprakash, Shaji Sebastian, Vishal Sharma, Parakkal Deepak, Shrinivas Bishu, Neha D. Shah, Sumit Bhatia, Tauseef Ali, Sharan Khela, Kiran Peddi
Gastroenterology.2022; 163(5): 1145. CrossRef
Identifying Care Challenges as Opportunities for Research and Education in Inflammatory Bowel Disease in South Asia
Madhura Balasubramaniam, Neilanjan Nandi, Tina Aswani-Omprakash, Shaji Sebastian, Vishal Sharma, Parakkal Deepak, Shrinivas Bishu, Neha D. Shah, Sumit Bhatia, Tauseef Ali, Sharan Khela, Kiran Peddi
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology.2022; 20(11): 2421. CrossRef
Clinical Features and Long-term Prognosis of Crohn’s Disease in Korea: Results from the Prospective CONNECT Study
Seung Wook Hong, Byong Duk Ye, Jae Hee Cheon, Ji Hyun Lee, Ja Seol Koo, Byung Ik Jang, Kang-Moon Lee, You Sun Kim, Tae Oh Kim, Jong Pil Im, Geun Am Song, Sung-Ae Jung, Hyun Soo Kim, Dong Il Park, Hyun-Soo Kim, Kyu Chan Huh, Young-Ho Kim, Jae Myung Cha, Ge
Gut and Liver.2022; 16(6): 907. CrossRef
Clinical Characteristics of Korean Patients with Elderly-Onset Crohn’s Disease: Results from the Prospective CONNECT Study
You Sun Kim, Min Jeong Na, Byong Duk Ye, Jae Hee Cheon, Jong Pil Im, Joo Sung Kim
Gut and Liver.2022; 16(6): 995. CrossRef
The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease in Asia and Asian immigrants to Western countries
Satimai Aniwan, Priscila Santiago, Edward V. Loftus, Sang Hyoung Park
United European Gastroenterology Journal.2022; 10(10): 1063. CrossRef
Sociodemographic Characteristics, Smoking, and Family History of Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Northern Part of Iraq
Blnd Ibrahim Mohammed, Bushra Karem Amin
Medical Journal of Babylon.2022; 19(4): 615. CrossRef
Inflammatory bowel diseases in Tamil Nadu: A survey of demographics, clinical profile, and practices
Rohan V Yewale, Kartik Natarajan, Jeyaraj Ubal Dhus, Sarojini Ashok Parameswaran, Kallipatti Ramaswamy Palaniswamy, Doraisamy Babu Vinish, Aravindh Somasundaram, Arulraj Ramakrishnan, Sibithooran Karmegam, Ramaswamy Saraswathy Arun, Ujjani Shankaraiah Man
JGH Open.2021; 5(11): 1306. CrossRef
Capsule Endoscopy in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: When? To Whom?
Soo-Young Na, Yun-Jeong Lim
Diagnostics.2021; 11(12): 2240. CrossRef

PubReader
ePub Link

Cite

CITE: export Copy Download Format; Close

Download Citation

Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

Format:

RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software

Include:

Citation for the content below
Citation and abstract for the content below

Colitis and Crohn’s Foundation (India): a first nationwide inflammatory bowel disease registry

Intest Res. 2021;19(2):206-216. Published online July 13, 2020

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2019.09169

XML Download

Figure

Related articles

Colitis and Crohn’s Foundation (India): a first nationwide inflammatory bowel disease registry

Graphical abstract

Graphical abstract

Colitis and Crohn’s Foundation (India): a first nationwide inflammatory bowel disease registry

Variable		Total	Ulcerative colitis					Crohn’s disease
Variable		Total	North	East	West	South	Total	North	East	West	South	Total
No. of patients		3,863	1,870 (57.9)	260 (8.0)	626 (19.4)	476 (14.7)	3,232	164 (26)	0	119 (18.9)	348 (55.2)	631
Sex
	Male	2,363 (61.2)	1,070 (57.2)	194 (74.6)	360 (57.5)	306 (64.3)	1,930 (59.7)	118 (72.0)	0	74 (62.2)	241 (69.3)	433 (68.6)
	Female	1,500 (38.8)	800 (42.8)	66 (25.4)	266 (42.5)	170 (35.7)	1,302 (40.3)	46 (28.0)	0	45 (37.8)	107 (30.7)	198 (31.4)
	Ratio of male:female	1.6:1	1.3:1	2.9:1	1.4:1	1.8:1	1.5:1	2.6:1	-	1.6:1	2.3:1	2.2:1
Age at diagnosis (yr)									-
	< 18	216 (5.6)	135 (7.2)	6 (2.4)	12 (1.9)	29 (6.1)	182 (5.6)	9 (5.5)		2 (1.7)	23 (6.6)	34 (5.4)
	18–40	2,159 (55.9)	958 (51.2)	116 (44.6)	437 (69.8)	261 (54.8)	1,772 (54.8)	82 (50.0)		96 (82.7)	209 (60.0)	387 (61.3)
	41–60	1,240 (32.1)	620 (33.1)	130 (50.0)	138 (22.0)	142 (29.8)	1,030 (31.9)	73 (44.5)		21 (17.6)	116 (33.3)	210 (33.3)
	> 61	248 (6.4)	157 (8.4)	8 (3.1)	39 (6.2)	44 (9.2)	248 (7.7)	0		0	0	0
Duration of symptoms (yr)									-
	< 1	1,969 (50.9)	816 (43.6)	208 (80.0)	258 (41.2)	345 (72.5)	1,627 (50.3)	74 (45.1)		12 (10.1)	256 (73.6)	342 (53.4)
	1–5	1,350 (34.9)	690 (36.9)	52 (20.0)	319 (51.0)	93 (19.5)	1,154 (35.7)	60 (36.6)		62 (52.1)	74 (21.3)	196 (31.1)
	>5	542 (14)	364 (19.5)	0	49 (7.8)	38 (8.0)	451 (13.9)	30 (18.3)		45 (37.8)	18 (5.2)	91 (14.4)
Smokers									-
	Never	3,692 (95.6)	1,830 (97.9)	226 (86.9)	597 (95.4)	445 (93.5)	3,098 (95.9)	160 (97.6)		117 (98.3)	317 (91.1)	594 (94.1)
	Ever	171 (4.4)	40 (2.1)	34 (13.1)	29 (4.6)	31 (6.5)	134 (4.1)	4 (2.4)		2 (1.7)	31 (8.9)	37 (5.9)
Appendectomy									-
	Yes	167 (4.3)	113 (6.0)	2 (0.8)	9 (1.4)	22 (4.6)	146 (4.5)	4 (2.4)		4 (3.4)	13 (3.7)	21 (3.3)
Family history									-
	Positive	120 (3.10)	76 (4.1)	0	19 (3.0)	5 (1.1)	100 (3.1)	5 (3.0)		4 (3.4)	11 (3.2)	20 (3.16)
Religion									-
	Hindu	2,591 (67)	1,056 (56.5)	220 (84.6)	557 (89.0)	333 (70.0)	2,166 (67.0)	75 (45.7)		103 (86.6)	247 (71.0)	425 (67.4)
	Sikh	840 (21.8)	750 (40.1)	0	1 (0.2)	2 (0.4)	753 (23.3)	84 (51.2)		0	3 (0.9)	87 (13.8)
	Muslim	235 (6.1)	61 (3.3)	24 (9.2)	41 (6.5)	59 (12.4)	185 (5.7)	0		10 (8.4)	40 (11.5)	50 (7.9)
	Christian	187 (4.8)	3 (0.2)	16 (6.2)	26 (4.2)	82 (17.2)	127 (3.9)	0		2 (1.7)	58 (16.7)	60 (9.5)
	Others	10 (0.3)	0	0	1 (0.2)	0	1 (0.0)	5 (3.0)		4 (3.4)	0	9 (1.4)
Socioeconomic status									-
	Upper	280 (7.2)	82 (4.4)	94 (36.2)	8 (1.3)	74 (15.5)	258 (8)	7 (4.3)		3 (2.5)	12 (3.4)	22 (3.5)
	Upper middle	946 (24.5)	416 (22.2)	102 (39.2)	153 (24.4)	128 (26.9)	799 (24.7)	33 (20.1)		29 (24.4)	85 (24.4)	147 (23.3)
	Lower middle	1,718 (44.5)	876 (46.8)	58 (22.3)	330 (52.7)	107 (22.5)	1,371 (42.4)	92 (56.1)		81 (68.1)	174 (50)	347 (55)
	Upper lower	919 (23.8)	496 (26.5)	6 (2.3)	135 (21.6)	167 (35.1)	804 (24.9)	32 (19.5)		6 (5.0)	77 (22.1)	115 (18.2)
	Lower	0	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	0	0

Clinical presentation		Total	Ulcerative colitis					Crohn’s disease
Clinical presentation		Total	North	East	West	South	Total	North	East^a	West	South	Total
Montreal classification									-
	E1	565 (17.5)	386 (20.6)	20 (7.7)	70 (11.2)	89 (18.7)	565 (17.5)	-		-	-	-
	E2	1,895 (58.6)	1,050 (56.1)	238 (91.5)	341 (54.5)	266 (55.9)	1,895 (58.6)	-		-	-	-
	E3	772 (23.9)	434 (23.2)	2 (0.8)	215 (34.3)	121 (25.4)	772 (23.9)	-		-	-	-
	A1	34 (5.4)	-	-	-	-	-	9 (5.5)		2 (1.7)	23 (6.6)	34 (5.4)
	A2	387 (61.3)	-	-	-	-	-	82 (50.0)		96 (80.7)	209 (60.1)	387 (61.3)
	A3	210 (33.3)	-	-	-	-	-	73 (44.5)		21 (17.6)	116 (33.3)	210 (33.3)
	B1	504 (79.9)	-	-	-	-	-	125 (76.2)		72 (60.5)	307 (88.2)	504 (79.9)
	B2	106 (16.8)	-	-	-	-	-	33 (20.1)		47 (39.5)	26 (7.5)	106 (16.8)
	B3	21 (3.3)	-	-	-	-	-	6 (3.7)		0	15 (4.3)	21 (3.3)
	L1	194 (30.8)	-	-	-	-	-	76 (46.3)		16 (13.4)	102 (29.3)	194 (30.8)
	L2	195 (30.9)	-	-	-	-	-	55 (33.5)		71 (59.7)	69 (19.8)	195 (30.9)
	L3	229 (36.3)	-	-	-	-	-	26 (15.9)		32 (26.9)	171 (49.1)	229 (36.3)
	L4	13 (2.1)	-	-	-	-	-	7 (4.3)		0	6 (1.7)	13 (2.1)
	P	10 (1.6)	-	-	-	-	-	2 (1.2)		0	8 (2.3)	10 (1.6)
Disease severity^b									-
	Mild	721 (18.7)	179 (9.6)	198 (76.2)	207 (33.1)	43 (9.0)	627 (19.4)	13 (7.9)		31 (26.1)	50 (14.4)	94 (14.9)
	Moderate	2,354 (60.9)	1,394 (74.5)	60 (23.1)	253 (40.4)	232 (48.7)	1,939 (60.0)	148 (90.2)		80 (67.2)	187 (53.7)	415 (65.8)
	Severe	788 (20.4)	297 (15.9)	2 (0.8)	166 (26.5)	201 (42.2)	666 (20.6)	3 (1.8)		8 (6.7)	111 (31.9)	122 (19.3)
Extraintestinal manifestations									-
	Total	552 (14.9)	214 (11.4)	0	116 (18.5)	92 (19.3)	422 (13.1)	30 (18.3)		9 (7.6)	91 (26.1)	130 (20.6)
	Musculoskeletal	150 (3.9)	16 (0.9)	0	89 (14.2)	23 (4.8)	128 (4.0)	4 (2.4)		0	18 (5.2)	22 (3.5)
	Cardiovascular	5 (0.1)	0	0	0	3 (0.6)	3 (0.1)	1 (0.6)		0	1 (0.3)	2 (0.3)
	Genitourinary amyloidosis	111 (2.9)	65 (3.5)	0	0	2 (0.4)	67 (2.1)	9 (5.5)		0	35 (10.1)	44 (7.0)
	Glomerulonephritis	6 (0.2)						3 (1.8)			3 (0.9)	6 (0.9)
	Hepatobiliary	81 (2.1)	2 (0.1)	0	11 (1.8)	29 (6.1)	42 (1.3)	0		0	39 (11.2)	39 (6.2)
	Dermatologic	60 (1.6)	4 (0.2)	0	20 (3.2)	10 (2.1)	34 (1.1)	2 (1.2)		5 (4.2)	19 (5.5)	26 (4.1)
	Hematological	21 (0.5)	0	0	0	12 (2.5)	12 (0.4)	0		0	9 (2.6)	9 (1.4)
	Neurological (seizures)	3 (0.1)	2 (0.1)	0	0	0	2 (0.1)	0		0	1 (0.3)	1 (0.2)
	Ophthalmological	54 (1.4)	2 (0.1)	0	21 (3.4)	5 (1.1)	28 (0.9)	5 (3.0)		5 (4.2)	16 (4.6)	26 (4.1)
	Pulmonary	3 (0.1)	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	3 (0.9)	3 (0.5)
	Pancreatitis	1 (0.0)	0	0	0	0	0	0		0	1 (0.3)	1 (0.2)
Colon cancer									-
	Yes	26 (0.7)	2 (0.1)	0	17 (2.7)	3 (0.6)	22 (0.7)	1 (0.6)		0	3 (0.9)	4 (0.6)

Variable	Extraintestinal manifestations		Total	χ2	P-value
Variable	No	Yes	Total	χ2	P-value
Ulcerative colitis
Age group (yr)				10.756	0.029
18–40	1,688 (86.4)	266 (13.6)	1,954
41–60	910 (88.3)	120 (11.7)	1,030
> 60	200 (85.1)	35 (14.9)	235
Sex				13.878	0.000
Female	1,097 (84.3)	205 (15.7)	1,302
Male	1,713 (88.8)	217 (11.2)	1,930
Extent				16.895	0.000
Left sided	1,643 (86.7)	252 (13.3)	1,895
Pancolitis	649 (84.1)	123 (15.9)	772
Proctitis	518 (91.7)	47 (8.3)	565
Disease severity				26.133	0.000
Mild	575 (91.7)	52 (8.3)	627
Moderate	1,688 (87.1)	251 (12.9)	1,939
Severe	547 (82.1)	119 (17.9)	666
Immunosuppressant				36.233	0.000
None	1,897 (84.6)	346 (15.4)	2,243
Yes	913 (92.3)	76 (7.7)	989
Crohn’s disease
Age at diagnosis (yr)				12.745	0.002
1–16	33 (97.1)	1 (2.9)	34
17–40	315 (81.4)	72 (18.6)	387
> 40	154 (73.0)	57 (27.0)	211
Sex				0.002	0.965
Female	157 (79.3)	41 (20.7)	198
Male	344 (79.4)	89 (20.6)	433
Extent				15.030	0.005
Colon	154 (83.2)	31 (16.8)	185
Colon+small intestine	185 (80.8)	44 (19.2)	229
Perianal	10 (100)	0	10
Proximal gastrointestinal	13 (100)	0	13
Small intestine	139 (71.6)	55 (28.4)	194
Disease presentation				12.092	0.002
Fistulizing	19 (90.5)	2 (9.5)	21
Inflammatory	386 (76.6)	118 (23.4)	504
Stricturing	96 (90.6)	10 (9.4)	106
Disease severity				44.051	0.000
Mild	85 (90.4)	9 (9.6)	94
Moderate	345 (83.1)	70 (16.9)	415
Severe	71 (58.2)	51 (41.8)	122
Immunosuppressant				0.340	0.560
None	234 (80.4)	57 (19.6)	291
Yes	267 (78.5)	73 (21.5)	340

Variable	Total	Ulcerative colitis					Crohn’s disease
Variable	Total	North	East	West	South	Total	North	East^a	West	South	Total
5-ASA	3,825 (99.0)	1,852 (99.0)	258 (99.2)	619 (98.9)	469 (98.5)	3,198 (98.9)	160 (97.6)	-	119 (100)	348 (100)	627 (99.4)
Corticosteroids	1,598 (41.4)	781 (41.8)	64 (24.6)	335 (53.5)	174 (36.6)	1,354 (41.9)	84 (51.2)	-	63 (52.9)	97 (27.9)	244 (38.7)
Azathioprine	1,329 (34.4)	481 (25.7)	238 (91.5)	142 (22.7)	128 (26.9)	989 (30.6)	43 (26.2)	-	66 (55.5)	231 (66.4)	340 (53.9)
Biologics	57 (1.5)	28 (1.5)	8 (3.1)	0	5 (1.1)	41 (1.3)	2 (1.2)	-	0	14 (4.2)	16 (2.5)
ATT	33 (0.9)	1 (0.1)	0	1 (0.2)	2 (0.4)	3 (0.1)	1 (0.6)	-	29 (24.4)	0	30 (4.8)
Surgery	110 (2.8)	39 (2.1)	1 (0.4)	1 (0.2)	5 (1.1)	46 (1.4)	22 (13.4)	-	28 (23.5)	14 (4.0)	64 (10.1)

Table 1. Demographic Data of Enrolled Patients

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 2. Clinical Presentation of Enrolled Patients

Values are presented as number (%).

No cases of Crohn’s disease were reported from the eastern cohort.

Ulcerative colitis: Mayo score, Crohn’s disease: Harvey Bradshaw Index.

Table 3. Extraintestinal Manifestations

Values are presented as number (%).

Table 4. Prescribing Pattern and Treatment in Enrolled Patients

Values are presented as number (%).

No cases of Crohn’s disease were reported from the eastern cohort.

5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; ATT, anti-tubercular therapy.