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Case Report Granulocyte and monocyte apheresis therapy for patients with active ulcerative colitis associated with COVID-19: a case report
Miki Koroku1orcid, Teppei Omori1,orcid, Harutaka Kambayashi1orcid, Shun Murasugi1orcid, Tomoko Kuriyama1orcid, Yuichi Ikarashi1orcid, Maria Yonezawa1orcid, Ken Arimura2orcid, Kazunori Karasawa3orcid, Norio Hanafusa4orcid, Masatoshi Kawana5orcid, Katsutoshi Tokushige1orcid
Intestinal Research 2022;20(1):150-155.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00148
Published online: March 12, 2021

1Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

2Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

3Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

4Department of Blood Purification, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

5Primary Care Center, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, Tokyo, Japan

Correspondence to Teppei Omori, Institute of Gastroenterology, Tokyo Women’s Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan. Tel: +81-3-3353-8111, Fax: +81-3-5269-7507, E-mail: omori.teppei@twmu.ac.jp
• Received: November 16, 2020   • Revised: January 15, 2021   • Accepted: January 19, 2021

© Copyright 2022. Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is now a pandemic. Although several treatment guidelines have been proposed for patients who have both inflammatory bowel disease and COVID-19, immunosuppressive therapy is essentially not recommended, and the treatment options are limited. Even in the COVID-19 pandemic, adjuvant adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis may safely bring ulcerative colitis (UC) into remission by removing activated myeloid cells without the use of immunosuppressive therapy. Our patient was a 25-year-old Japanese male with UC and COVID-19. This is the first case report of the induction of UC remission with granulocyte and monocyte apheresis treatment for active UC associated with COVID-19.
  • Keywords: COVID-19; Granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis; Ulcerative colitis; Case reports
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a worldwide pandemic within a short period of time [1]. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have a risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 that is similar to the risk among the general population; however, steroids used in the treatment of IBD increase the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection [2,3]. Several treatment guidelines have been proposed for patients with IBD and coexisting COVID-19, but the treatment options for active IBD are very limited because immunosuppression therapy is essentially not recommended [2,3]. Adsorptive granulocyte and monocyte apheresis (GMA) with an Adacolumn® device has been established as an extracorporeal circulating therapy designed to selectively deplete elevated and activated myeloid cells, and it has shown efficacy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease [4]. The present case report is the first description of the induction of remission with GMA treatment for a patient with both active UC and COVID-19. The our ethics committee judged that this case report did not need institutional review board approval. However, the study was performed in according with the principle of Declaration of Helsinki and we had got the agreement of this study from the patient. Written informed consent was obtained.
The patient was a 25-year-old male. He was diagnosed 3 months earlier with UC of the total colitis type. He was started on induction of remission with 3,000 mg of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), which improved his symptoms but did not lead to remission. For this reason, the 5-ASA dose was increased to an extreme dose of 4,000 mg and budesonide foam was started concomitantly, but there was no remission in the patient’s symptoms. He developed severe fatigue and a fever of 38°C during the course of treatment. After 2 days of no improvement, the patient consulted the designated medical care provider and underwent a nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2 according to Japanese law. A positive PCR test result was returned the following day, and he was admitted to the hospital the next day according to Japan’s Infectious Disease Act. He did not have pneumonia on plain chest X-ray or computed tomography, and his C-reactive protein (CRP) level was 13.0 mg/L. His bloody stools and diarrhea continued without worsening.
The patient did not receive any antiviral drugs or antithrombotic therapy after admission, but his general condition was stable and his CRP was reduced to 3.3 mg/L on the 6th day. The symptoms of COVID-19 improved and the patient was discharged on the 11th day after the onset of illness. However, the bloody stools persisted, and the patient’s CRP had increased to 15.1 mg/L again at discharge. His UC symptoms did not improve markedly despite continued treatment with 5-ASA and the budesonide foam, and he continued to have manifest bloody stools even after discharge.
A colonoscopy was thus performed at an ambulatory endoscopy center with full personal protective equipment for all staff. Endoscopic images showed a Mayo endoscopic score of 3 and a moderate Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity of 5. Deep ulcers were observed on the transverse colon (Fig. 1). In contrast-enhanced computed tomography images, thickening of the intestinal wall was seen in continuity from the rectum to the liver curvature (Fig. 2). The treatment guidelines of the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare recommended systematic steroids; however, the patient’s nasopharyngeal PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 was positive at that time again, and immunosuppression therapy was thus considered to pose a high risk. Although his clinical symptoms were severe (Lichtiger index 16), his endoscopic images were moderate. We therefore planned to induce remission with GMA using an Adacolumn®, and we began inpatient treatment with the patient in an infectious disease isolation ward.
The biomarker levels on admission were CRP 26.6 mg/L, leucine-rich alpha2 glycoprotein (LRG) 50.20 μg/mL, and fecal immunochemical test (FIT) 9,971 ng/mL (Table 1). We managed the patient with fasting and continued the administration of 5-ASA (4,000 mg) but stopped the budesonide foam, and a total of 5 planned intensive GMA treatments were administered over a 10-day period. At the end of the 5 GMAs, the patient’s clinical symptoms had improved to Lichtiger index 3, and we judged that the patient had achieved remission. We then resumed the budesonide foam and the patient began eating, having completed a total of 10 sessions of GMA therapy; he was then discharged from the hospital. At his discharge, the patient had a Lichtiger index of 5 due to a slight increase in the frequency of bowel movements as a result of the restart of eating, and his biomarkers had improved to CRP 3.3 mg/L, LRG 25.3 μg/mL, and FIT 353 ng/mL (Fig. 3).
The current available evidence indicates that IBD is not a risk factor for COVID-19 [3]. For the treatment of patients with UC that relapses with moderate or worse symptoms despite the use of 5-ASA, systemic steroid therapy is usually the first choice [5,6], but the treatment choices for a patient with both active IBD and COVID-19 are limited because immunosuppression therapy is not recommended in principle [2,3]. Especially in patients with IBD, steroids have been noted to pose a risk of worsening concomitant COVID-19 [7]. GMA is adsorbed by activated myeloid cells into the extracorporeal circulation by an Adacolumn® filled with cellulose acetate beads. This significantly reduces the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in patients with IBD and is a treatment for the induction of remission in UC [8].
Japan’s national healthcare insurance covers GMA as a treatment for patients with moderate to severe UC [7]. However, blinded randomized controlled trials conducted in Europe and the United States that used sham columns indicated that GMA did not have a significant therapeutic effect on remission induction [9]. On the other hand, a meta-analysis examining the efficacy of cytapheresis on remission induction in patients with moderate to severe UC showed that the cytapheresis was better tolerated and safer than conventional drug therapy and may be effective in improving response and remission rates and in tapering corticosteroid doses [10]. GMA has also been reported to provide a higher rate of remission induction in steroid-naïve patients [11]. In addition, intensive GMA, in which the GMA is repeated for shorter periods of time (i.e., 2 × /week rather than 1 × /week), has been found to have a higher induction of remission [12].
Another meta-analysis revealed that intensive GMA is a safe and effective treatment with higher clinical remission and response rates compared to corticosteroids [13]. Serious infections are not potential adverse events of GMA therapy, and GMA may therefore safely lead to the remission of UC as a treatment for patients with active UC even in the COVID-19 epidemic. However, there are currently no guidelines describing GMA for the treatment of UC in the COVID-19 epidemic.
Our patient presented with COVID-19 in the midst of a UC exacerbation, with no obvious pneumonia complications on imaging and no continuous increased fever. His COVID-19 was thus judged to be a mild case, and the patient had a relatively good course. However, his UC symptom exacerbated and further treatment for UC was required, but the nasopharyngeal PCR test was still positive for SARS-CoV-2. Clinicians need to be careful about the possibility of COVID-19 infection triggering an exacerbation of UC symptoms. He was steroidnaïve; his UC relapses were moderate to severe (the endoscopic images were moderate and the clinical symptoms were severe in his Lichtiger index 16) and a good indication for GMA. The Lichtiger index was developed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of continuous intravenous cyclosporine therapy for severe UC and can assess short-term changes in the condition of an individual with UC [14].
At the patient’s endoscopic examination, the staff’s full personal protective equipment was confirmed to block SARS-CoV-2 infection, but an endoscopic evaluation is difficult to perform frequently for a patient under the diagnosis of COVID-19 [15], and for this reason, we could not perform a repeat endoscopic examination for our patient at the end of his 10 sessions of GMA. However, the data of CRP and LRG, a new biomarker [16], showed a trend toward improvement, as did the patient’s clinical symptoms. LRG is a 50-kDa glycoprotein containing 8 domains called leucine-rich repeats that are produced locally in inflammation. LRG is upregulated by IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-22, TNF-α, and interferon-γ. Therefore, LRG reflects intestinal inflammation in UC more sensitively than CRP [16].
The mechanism underlying the severity of COVID-19 disease has been indicated to be the overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, and this “cytokine storm” causes disseminated intravascular coagulation, which promotes multiple organ failure and lethality [17]. COVID-19 pneumonia is characterized by an exaggerated immune response (the cytokine storm) with high levels of TNF-α as well as other cytokines [18]. In other words, remission induction therapy with biologics such as TNF-α antibody drugs for flares of UC complicated by severe COVID-19 may lead to the remission of the UC without exacerbating the pathogenesis of COVID-19, but this is still not fully understood [19].
In addition, it has been suggested that the removal of activated myeloid cells by GMA may improve not only the pathogenesis of UC but also the pathogenesis of COVID-19 without the need for immunosuppression therapy [20]. GMA therapy may thus provide a positive outcome for flares of UC complicated by COVID-19, both in the induction of UC remission and the control of COVID-19. In conclusion, our patient’s case indicates that GMA for a patient with both active UC and COVID-19 is a safe treatment option for active UC that could lead other patients in this condition to remission.

Funding Source

The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Conflict of Interest

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Author Contribution

Study concept and design: Koroku M, Omori T. Data acquisition: Koroku M, Omori T, Kambayashi H, Murasugi S, Ikarashi Y, Arimura K, Kuriyama T, Karasawa K, Yonezawa M. Drafting of the first version of the manuscript: Koroku M, Omori T. Critical revision: Koroku M, Omori T, Hanafusa N, Kawana M, Tokushige K. Approval of the final version of the manuscript: all authors.

Fig. 1.
Endoscopic images on admission. The Mayo endoscopic subscore was 3, and the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity 5 was a moderate endoscopic finding. Ce, cecum; A/C, ascending colon; T/C, transverse colon; D/C, descending colon; S/C, sigmoid colon; R, rectum.
ir-2020-00148f1.jpg
Fig. 2.
Contrast-enhanced computed tomography images at the time of admission. Thickening of the intestinal wall was found in continuity from the rectum to the liver curvature. (A) Transverse colon. (B) Liver curvature and ascending colon. (C) Descending colon and sigmoid colon. (D) Sigmoid colon and rectum.
ir-2020-00148f2.jpg
Fig. 3.
Clinical course. At the time of the first 5 sessions of granulocyte and monocyte apheresis (GMA), the patient’s clinical activity level improved markedly. To bring the patient into further remission, 5 additional GMA sessions were administered, and budesonide foam and eating were resumed. SARS-CoV2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid.
ir-2020-00148f3.jpg
Table 1.
The Patient’s Bloodwork Data
Variable Value
Blood count
 WBC (/μL) 11,640
 RBC (/μL) 4.3 × 106
 Hemoglobin (g/dL) 10.6
 PLT (/μL) 43.1 × 104
Coagulation fibrinolysis examination
 PT (%) 93.1
 D-dimer (μg/mL) 0.7
Biochemistry
 TP (g/dL) 6.5
 Albumin (g/dL) 3.0
 CRP (mg/L) 26.6
 TBIL (mg/dL) 0.4
 AST (U/L) 13
 ALT (U/L) 5
 LDH (U/L) 230
 ALP (U/L) 189
 γGTP (U/L) 12
 Amylase (U/L) 68
 LIP (U/L) 25
 BUN (mg/dL) 17.2
 Cr (mg/dL) 0.93
 Na (mEq/L) 144
 K (mEq/L) 4.1
 Cl (mEq/L) 106
 Fe (μg/dL) 15
 Ferritin (ng/mL) 20
 LRG (μg/mL) 50.20
 Fecal immunochemical test (ng/mL) 9,971
Infectious disease
 HBs Ag Negative
 HBc Ab Negative
 HCV Ab Negative
 CMV Ag Negative
 Clostridium difficile toxin Negative
 SARS-CoV-2 Positive

WBC, white blood count; RBC, red blood count; PLT, platelets; PT, prothrombin; TP, total protein; CRP, C-reactive protein; TBIL, total bilirubin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; γGTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; LIP, lipase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cl, chloride; LRG, leucine-rich alpha2 glycoprotein; HB, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

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    • Phenotypic changes in immune cells induced by granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis in patients with severe COVID‐19: An ex vivo study
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      Acute Medicine & Surgery.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
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      The Korean Journal of Gastroenterology.2021; 78(2): 117.     CrossRef

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      Granulocyte and monocyte apheresis therapy for patients with active ulcerative colitis associated with COVID-19: a case report
      Intest Res. 2022;20(1):150-155.   Published online March 12, 2021
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2020.00148
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    Granulocyte and monocyte apheresis therapy for patients with active ulcerative colitis associated with COVID-19: a case report
    Image Image Image
    Fig. 1. Endoscopic images on admission. The Mayo endoscopic subscore was 3, and the ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of severity 5 was a moderate endoscopic finding. Ce, cecum; A/C, ascending colon; T/C, transverse colon; D/C, descending colon; S/C, sigmoid colon; R, rectum.
    Fig. 2. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography images at the time of admission. Thickening of the intestinal wall was found in continuity from the rectum to the liver curvature. (A) Transverse colon. (B) Liver curvature and ascending colon. (C) Descending colon and sigmoid colon. (D) Sigmoid colon and rectum.
    Fig. 3. Clinical course. At the time of the first 5 sessions of granulocyte and monocyte apheresis (GMA), the patient’s clinical activity level improved markedly. To bring the patient into further remission, 5 additional GMA sessions were administered, and budesonide foam and eating were resumed. SARS-CoV2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; 5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid.

    Fig. 1.

    Fig. 2.

    Fig. 3.

    Granulocyte and monocyte apheresis therapy for patients with active ulcerative colitis associated with COVID-19: a case report
    Variable Value
    Blood count
     WBC (/μL) 11,640
     RBC (/μL) 4.3 × 106
     Hemoglobin (g/dL) 10.6
     PLT (/μL) 43.1 × 104
    Coagulation fibrinolysis examination
     PT (%) 93.1
     D-dimer (μg/mL) 0.7
    Biochemistry
     TP (g/dL) 6.5
     Albumin (g/dL) 3.0
     CRP (mg/L) 26.6
     TBIL (mg/dL) 0.4
     AST (U/L) 13
     ALT (U/L) 5
     LDH (U/L) 230
     ALP (U/L) 189
     γGTP (U/L) 12
     Amylase (U/L) 68
     LIP (U/L) 25
     BUN (mg/dL) 17.2
     Cr (mg/dL) 0.93
     Na (mEq/L) 144
     K (mEq/L) 4.1
     Cl (mEq/L) 106
     Fe (μg/dL) 15
     Ferritin (ng/mL) 20
     LRG (μg/mL) 50.20
     Fecal immunochemical test (ng/mL) 9,971
    Infectious disease
     HBs Ag Negative
     HBc Ab Negative
     HCV Ab Negative
     CMV Ag Negative
     Clostridium difficile toxin Negative
     SARS-CoV-2 Positive
    Table 1. The Patient’s Bloodwork Data

    WBC, white blood count; RBC, red blood count; PLT, platelets; PT, prothrombin; TP, total protein; CRP, C-reactive protein; TBIL, total bilirubin; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; ALP, alkaline phosphatase; γGTP, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase; LIP, lipase; BUN, blood urea nitrogen; Cr, creatinine; Na, sodium; K, potassium; Cl, chloride; LRG, leucine-rich alpha2 glycoprotein; HB, hepatitis B virus; HCV, hepatitis C virus; CMV, cytomegalovirus; SARS-CoV-2, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

    Table 1.

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