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Focused Review: Gut and Basic Research Corticotropin-releasing Hormone and Its Biological Diversity toward Angiogenesis - Eunok Im
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Intestinal Research 2014;12(2):96-102.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2014.12.2.96
Published online: April 29, 2014
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- Correspondence to Eunok Im, Department of Pharmacy, Pusan National University College of Pharmacy, 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Geumjeong-gu, Busan 609-735, Korea. Tel: +82-51-510-2812, Fax: +82-51-513-6754, eoim@pusan.ac.kr
• Received: February 7, 2014 • Revised: February 12, 2014 • Accepted: February 13, 2014
© Copyright 2014. Korean Association for the Study of Intestinal Diseases. All rights reserved.
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
- Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from existing ones and an underlying cause of numerous human diseases, including cancer and inflammation. A large body of evidence indicates that angiogenic inhibitors have therapeutic potential in the treatment of vascular diseases. However, detrimental side effects and low efficacy hinder their use in clinical practice. Members of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) family, which comprises CRH, urocortin I-III, and CRH receptors (CRHR) 1 and 2, are broadly expressed in the brain and peripheral tissues, including the intestine and cardiovascular system. The CRH family regulates stress-related responses through the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Therapeutic agents that target CRH family members offer a new approach to the treatment of various gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and colorectal cancer. Since the discovery that CRHR 2 has anti-angiogenic activity during postnatal development in mice, studies have focused on the role of the CRH system in the modulation of blood vessel formation and cardiovascular function. This review will outline the basic biological functions of the CRH family members and the implications for the development of novel anti-angiogenic therapies.
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW OF THE CRH SYSTEM
A FUNCTIONAL DIVERSITY OF THE CRH SYSTEM
CONCLUSIONS
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Financial support: This work was supported by a 2-year research grant of Pusan National University.
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Conflict of interest: None.
NOTES
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REFERENCES
Fig. 1Overview of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system. The CRH system is composed of natural ligands (CRH and urocortin [Ucn] I-III), receptors (CRHR1 and 2), and binding proteins (CRH-BP and sCRHR2α). CRH and Ucn I preferentially bind to CRHR1, whereas Ucn II and Ucn III exclusively bind to CRHR2. CRH-BP and sCRHR2α bind to CRH and Ucn I to modulate the biological activities of the ligands. Human CRH (protein data bank [PDB] entry 3EHU);50 Ucn I (PDB entry 2RMF);51 Ucn II (PDB entry 2RMG);51 Ucn III (PDB entry 2RMH).51
Fig. 2Functional diversity of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system in relation to angiogenesis. The CRH system has been implicated in various biological functions pertinent to the cardiovascular system, including angiogenesis, vasodilation, alteration of blood pressure, and cardioprotection.
Figure & Data
REFERENCES
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Fig. 1 Overview of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system. The CRH system is composed of natural ligands (CRH and urocortin [Ucn] I-III), receptors (CRHR1 and 2), and binding proteins (CRH-BP and sCRHR2α). CRH and Ucn I preferentially bind to CRHR1, whereas Ucn II and Ucn III exclusively bind to CRHR2. CRH-BP and sCRHR2α bind to CRH and Ucn I to modulate the biological activities of the ligands. Human CRH (protein data bank [PDB] entry 3EHU);50 Ucn I (PDB entry 2RMF);51 Ucn II (PDB entry 2RMG);51 Ucn III (PDB entry 2RMH).51
Fig. 2 Functional diversity of the corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) system in relation to angiogenesis. The CRH system has been implicated in various biological functions pertinent to the cardiovascular system, including angiogenesis, vasodilation, alteration of blood pressure, and cardioprotection.
Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Corticotropin-releasing Hormone and Its Biological Diversity toward Angiogenesis
