4. Goodhand J, Dawson R, Hefferon M, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease in young people: the case for transitional clinics. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010;16:947-952.
5. Ramaswamy K, Jacobson K, Jevon G, Israel D. Esophageal Crohn disease in children: a clinical spectrum. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2003;36:454-458.
6. Levine YY, Koletzko J, Turner D. ESPGHAN revised Porto criteria for the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease in children and adolescents. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi 2016;54:728-732.
7. Horjus Talabur Horje CS, Meijer J, Rovers L, van Lochem EG, Groenen MJ, Wahab PJ. Prevalence of upper gastrointestinal lesions at primary diagnosis in adults with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2016;22:1896-1901.
9. Wagtmans MJ, van Hogezand RA, Griffioen G, Verspaget HW, Lamers CB. Crohn’s disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Neth J Med 1997;50:S2-S7.
10. Witte AM, Veenendaal RA, Van Hogezand RA, Verspaget HW, Lamers CB. Crohn’s disease of the upper gastrointestinal tract: the value of endoscopic examination. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1998;225:100-105.
11. Korelitz BI, Waye JD, Kreuning J, et al. Crohn’s disease in endoscopic biopsies of the gastric antrum and duodenum. Am J Gastroenterol 1981;76:103-109.
12. Song XM, Gao X, Li MZ, et al. Clinical features and risk factors for primary surgery in 205 patients with Crohn’s disease: analysis of a South China cohort. Dis Colon Rectum 2011;54:1147-1154.
14. Feakins RM, British Society of Gastroenterology. Inflammatory bowel disease biopsies: updated British Society of Gastroenterology reporting guidelines. J Clin Pathol 2013;66:1005-1026.
15. Geboes K, Janssens J, Rutgeerts P, Vantrappen G. Crohn’s disease of the esophagus. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986;8:31-37.
16. Ammoury RF, Pfefferkorn MD. Significance of esophageal Crohn disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2011;52:291-294.
18. Renault M, Goodier A, Subramony C, Hood B, Bishop P, Nowicki M. Age-related differences in granulomatous gastritis: a retrospective, clinicopathological analysis. J Clin Pathol 2010;63:347-350.
19. Goldstein NS, Lewin KJ, Doty JE. Gastrointestinal tract. Pathology (Phila) 1996;3:349-365.
21. Reynolds HL Jr, Stellato TA. Crohn’s disease of the foregut. Surg Clin North Am 2001;81:117-135.
22. Yamamoto T, Bain IM, Connolly AB, Keighley MR. Gastroduodenal fistulas in Crohn’s disease: clinical features and management. Dis Colon Rectum 1998;41:1287-1292.
23. Isaacs KL. Upper gastrointestinal tract endoscopy in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 2002;12:451-462.
24. Pichney LS, Fantry GT, Graham SM. Gastrocolic and duodenocolic fistulas in Crohn’s disease. J Clin Gastroenterol 1992;15:205-211.
25. De Felice KM, Katzka DA, Raffals LE. Crohn’s disease of the esophagus: clinical features and treatment outcomes in the biologic era. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015;21:2106-2113.
26. Decker GA, Loftus EV Jr, Pasha TM, Tremaine WJ, Sandborn WJ. Crohn’s disease of the esophagus: clinical features and outcomes. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2001;7:113-119.
27. Mashako MN, Cezard JP, Navarro J, et al. Crohn’s disease lesions in the upper gastrointestinal tract: correlation between clinical, radiological, endoscopic, and histological features in adolescents and children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1989;8:442-446.
28. Ruuska T, Vaajalahti P, Arajärvi P, Mäki M. Prospective evaluation of upper gastrointestinal mucosal lesions in children with ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1994;19:181-186.
29. Yamamoto T, Fazio VW, Tekkis PP. Safety and efficacy of strictureplasty for Crohn’s disease: a systematic review and metaanalysis. Dis Colon Rectum 2007;50:1968-1986.
30. Murray JJ, Schoetz DJ Jr, Nugent FW, Coller JA, Veidenheimer MC. Surgical management of Crohn’s disease involving the duodenum. Am J Surg 1984;147:58-65.