2. Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature 2020;579:270-273.
3. Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. JAMA 2020;323:1239-1242.
4. Chen R, Liang W, Jiang M, et al. Risk factors of fatal outcome in hospitalized subjects with coronavirus disease 2019 from a nationwide analysis in China. Chest 2020;158:97-105.
7. Norsa L, Indriolo A, Sansotta N, Cosimo P, Greco S, D’Antiga L. Uneventful course in patients with inflammatory bowel disease during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak in Northern Italy. Gastroenterology 2020;159:371-372.
8. Neumann H, Emura F, Bokemeyer B, et al. Practical advice for management of inflammatory bowel diseases patients during the COVID-19 pandemic: World Endoscopy Organization Statement. Dig Endosc 2020;32:658-662.
10. Pan L, Mu M, Yang P, et al. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with digestive symptoms in Hubei, China: a descriptive, cross-sectional, multicenter study. Am J Gastroenterol 2020;115:766-773.
11. Xiao F, Tang M, Zheng X, Liu Y, Li X, Shan H. Evidence for gastrointestinal infection of SARS-CoV-2. Gastroenterology 2020;158:1831-1833.
16. Gubatan J, Levitte S, Balabanis T, Patel A, Sharma A, Habtezion A. SARS-CoV-2 testing, prevalence, and predictors of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in Northern California. Gastroenterology 2020;159:1141-1144.
18. Ferreira-Duarte M, Estevinho MM, Duarte-Araújo M, Magro F, Morato M. Unraveling the role of ACE2, the binding receptor for SARS-CoV-2, in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2020;26:1787-1795.
20. Toruner M, Loftus EV Jr, Harmsen WS, et al. Risk factors for opportunistic infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology 2008;134:929-936.
21. Tosca J, Garcia N, Pascual I, et al. Clinical assessment of risk factors for infection in inflammatory bowel disease patients. Int J Colorectal Dis 2020;35:491-500.
22. Aberra FN, Lichtenstein GR. Methods to avoid infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2005;11:685-695.
23. Anikhindi SA, Kumar A, Arora A. COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020;14:1187-1193.
24. Bezzio C, Saibeni S, Variola A, et al. Outcomes of COVID-19 in 79 patients with IBD in Italy: an IG-IBD study. Gut 2020;69:1213-1217.
25. Rubin DT, Feuerstein JD, Wang AY, Cohen RD. AGA clinical practice update on management of inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic: expert commentary. Gastroenterology 2020;159:350-357.
30. Brenner EJ, Ungaro RC, Gearry RB, et al. Corticosteroids, but not TNF antagonists, are associated with adverse COVID-19 outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: results from an international registry. Gastroenterology 2020;159:481-491.
33. Arabi YM, Mandourah Y, Al-Hameed F, et al. Corticosteroid therapy for critically ill patients with Middle East respiratory syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2018;197:757-767.
35. Din S, Kent A, Pollok RC, et al. Adaptations to the British Society of Gastroenterology guidelines on the management of acute severe UC in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: a RAND appropriateness panel. Gut 2020;69:1769-1777.
36. Cheng KW, Cheng SC, Chen WY, et al. Thiopurine analogs and mycophenolic acid synergistically inhibit the papain-like protease of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Antiviral Res 2015;115:9-16.
38. Wisniewski A, Kirchgesner J, Seksik P, et al. Increased incidence of systemic serious viral infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease associates with active disease and use of thiopurines. United European Gastroenterol J 2020;8:303-313.
44. Bye WA, Jairath V, Travis SP. Systematic review: the safety of vedolizumab for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2017;46:3-15.
45. Hanauer SB, Sandborn WJ, Feagan BG, et al. IM-UNITI: three-year efficacy, safety, and immunogenicity of ustekinumab treatment of Crohn’s disease. J Crohns Colitis 2020;14:23-32.
46. Moćko P, Kawalec P, Pilc A. Safety profile of biologic drugs in the therapy of Crohn disease: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pharmacol Rep 2016;68:1237-1243.
47. Moćko P, Kawalec P, Pilc A. Safety profile of biologic drugs in the therapy of ulcerative colitis: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Pharmacotherapy 2016;36:870-879.
49. Haberman R, Axelrad J, Chen A, et al. Covid-19 in immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: case series from New York. N Engl J Med 2020;383:85-88.
54. Kennedy NA, Jones GR, Lamb CA, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology guidance for management of inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. Gut 2020;69:984-990.
55. Magro F, Rahier JF, Abreu C, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease management during the COVID-19 outbreak: the ten do’s and don’ts from the ECCO-COVID taskforce. J Crohns Colitis 2020;14(Supplement_3):S798-S806.
60. Laine L, Kaltenbach T, Barkun A, et al. SCENIC international consensus statement on surveillance and management of dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease. Gastrointest Endosc 2015;81:489-501.
61. Lamb CA, Kennedy NA, Raine T, et al. British Society of Gastroenterology consensus guidelines on the management of inflammatory bowel disease in adults. Gut 2019;68(Suppl 3):s1-s106.
63. Surveillance Epidemiology of Coronavirus (COVID-19) Under Research Exclusion (SECURE-IBD). Current data [Internet]. c2020 [cited 2020 Nov 24].
https://covidibd.org/current-data/
64. Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy SC, et al. Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections and transmission in a skilled nursing facility. N Engl J Med 2020;382:2081-2090.
65. Siegel CA, Christensen B, Kornbluth A, et al. Guidance for restarting inflammatory bowel disease therapy in patients who withheld immunosuppressant medications during COVID-19. J Crohns Colitis 2020;14(Supplement_3):S769-S773.
67. Monteleone G, Sarzi-Puttini PC, Ardizzone S. Preventing COVID-19-induced pneumonia with anticytokine therapy. Lancet Rheumatol 2020;2:e255-e256.
69. RECOVERY Collaborative Group; Horby P, Lim WS, et al. Dexamethasone in hospitalized patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021;384:693-704.