Differences in the public medical insurance systems for inflammatory bowel disease treatment in Asian countries

Shu Chen Wei

doi:10.5217/ir.2016.14.3.218

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Original Article Differences in the public medical insurance systems for inflammatory bowel disease treatment in Asian countries: Shu Chen Wei; Intestinal Research 2016;14(3):218-223.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2016.14.3.218
Published online: June 27, 2016

Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.

Correspondence to Shu Chen Wei. Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, No.7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei 101, Taiwan. Tel: +886-2-23123456 ext. 65768, Fax: +886-2-23947927, shuchenwei@ntu.edu.tw

• Received: April 4, 2016 • Revised: April 8, 2016 • Accepted: April 8, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Acknowledgments
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background/Aims
The cost of caring for patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is high. Without government support, the cost burden will unavoidably rest on the patients and their family. However, the government providing full support will place a large financial burden on the health-care systems of a country. The aim of this study is to understand the current status of public medical insurance systems in caring for IBD patients among Asian countries.
Methods
Questionnaires inquiring about the availability of public health systems; medical, diagnostic, and endoscopy costs; and coverage rate of biologics use were designed and sent to IBD experts in each of the Asian countries studied. The results were summarized according to the feedback from the responders.
Results
The public health insurance coverage rate is high in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong, and Singapore; but low in Malaysia and India. This probably affected the use of expensive medications mostly, such as biologics, as we found that the percentage of Crohn's disease (CD) treated with biologics were as high as 30%–40% in Japan, where the government covers all expenses for IBD patients. In India, the percentage maybe as low as 1% for CD patients, most of whom need to pay for the biologics themselves.
Conclusions
There were differences in the public health insurance systems among the Asian countries studied. This reportprovidesthe background information to understand the differences in the treatment of IBD patients among Asian countries.
Keywords: Inflammatory bowel diseases; Public health insurance; Asian; Diagnosis; Treatment

INTRODUCTION

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic disabling gastrointestinal disorders affecting every aspect of the affected person's life, and account for substantial costs to the health-care system and society.1 With the growing number of patients with IBD and cases of hospitalization, the overall medical care cost consequently increases considerably. The annual hospitalization cost per patient, cost per hospitalization, and daily cost during hospitalization have increased significantly in the past decade (all P <0.001).2 The increased hospitalization costs of IBD patients may be associated with biologics use, length of hospital stay, medical insurance, subtypes of IBD, prognostic factors, surgery, and endoscopy.2

The cost of caring for IBD patients is high, with the annual mean cost of around US $6,000 to US $8,000 for CD patients, and US $4,000 to US $5,000 for UC patients in Germany (2006–2007) and the United States (2003–2004).3 4 Results from a large European inception cohort study, enrolling 1,321 patients with IBD diagnosed from October 1991 to September 1993, showed that the mean annual total expenditure on health care was €1,871 per patient-year (equating to approximately US $2,476 per patient-year) for IBD.5 The most expensive aspects were medical and surgical hospitalizations, together accounting for 63% of the cost in CD and 45% in UC.

Recent studies demonstrated that the use of anti–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy may be associated with a reduced need for surgery and hospitalization, as well as an improvement in the quality of life and work productivity in both CD and UC patients.6 There is an apparent shift in cost profile from surgery and hospitalization toward anti-TNF treatment; however, the relatively consistent overall costs suggest that the high costs of these drugs are partly compensated for by a reduction in surgery and hospitalization rates.

Without government support, the cost burden of caring for IBD patients will unavoidably rest on the patients and their family. However, if the government will provide full support, it will place a large financial burden on the health-care systems of the country. With the increasing incidence and prevalence of IBD, as well as the use of more and more biologics and state-of-the-art techniques in treating or monitoring IBD patients, how and to what extent public medical insurance support affects current IBD management becomes a practical issue. In this report, we compare the differences in public medical insurance systems for IBD patients among Asian countries, and try to build a basis for understanding the differences and limitations in treating IBD patients among different countries.

METHODS

Questionnaires were designed to gather (i) general, (ii) diagnosis, (iii) treatment, (iv) disease monitoring, and (v) management information, as well as to inquire about the availability of public health systems, the costs of medical, diagnostic, and endoscopy expense, and the coverage rate of biologics use. The questionnaires were sent to IBD experts in each of the Asian countries studied. The results were summarized according to feedback from the responders. The summarized results were returned for review and approval by the responding IBD experts from each country.

RESULTS

We collected responses from Japan (Dr. Tadakazu Hisamatzu), South Korea (Dr. Hyun-Soo Kim), China (Dr. Bayasi Guleng), Hong Kong (Dr. Siew C. Ng), Singapore (Dr. Khoon Lin Ling), Malaysia (Dr. Ida Hilmi), and India (Dr. Vineet Ahuja) in June 2014. The responses were combined with the results from Taiwan, and summarized as the overall results for this report.

1. General Information

As shown in Table 1, the public health insurance coverage rate is high in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, China, Hong Kong, and Singapore but low in Malaysia and India. Patients could consult a gastroenterologist or colorectal surgeon by either the walk-in or referral system for the diagnosis and treatment of their IBD in all of these countries. A registration system is available in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Hong Kong. In these countries, registered IBD patients could obtain good support from the government, with their own expenses for treatment being zero (Japan) to minimal (Taiwan, South Korea, and Hong Kong). In Singapore, the copayment rate ranges from 10% to 90%. In Malaysia, payment for general care is low and does not include biologics. In India, most patients are treated in private service hospitals, with the patients themselves shouldering the entire medical expense.

2. Diagnosis

As shown in Table 2, among the diagnostic endoscopy methods, capsule endoscopy is the most expensive (from US $500 to US $2,800), except in Japan where the cost of capsule endoscopy is covered by the government. The most common tool for diagnosing IBD, ileocolonoscopy, was mostly free except in Singapore (about US $750) and India (about US $100).

3. Treatment

As summarized in Table 3, conventional therapies (5-aminosalicylic acid, steroid, immunomodulators) are paid for by public health insurance in Taiwan, Japan, China, and Hong Kong; in Korea, a 10% copayment system is established. Conventional therapies are paid for by patients in Singapore, Malaysia, and India, and the cost is higher in Singapore than in India. In Japan, biologics are paid for by the government, without a need for prior approval and without a time limitation. In South Korea, patients are responsible for a 10% copayment for biologics. In Taiwan and Hong Kong, the use of biologics needs to be approved in advance to be eligible for a reimbursement. Patients have to pay for biologics in China, Singapore, Malaysia (except civil servants), and India. The cost is between US $15,000 to US $25,000 per patient per year.

4. Monitoring

Tests for complete blood cell count, CRP, ESR, and serum biochemistry for the follow-up of IBD patients are covered by the government or minimally paid for by the patients in all of the countries studied (Table 4). Fecal calprotectin test is available in clinical practice in Singapore and India, costing about US $40 to US $80. It is available for research purposes in Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, and Malaysia; however, it is not yet available in China and Hong Kong. Tests for TNF-α antibody titer and the antibody to TNF-α antibody are not yet available in all these countries.

5. Risk Management

Hepatitis B screening is covered by public health insurance in Taiwan, Japan, China, Hong Kong, and Malaysia. In South Korea, Singapore, and India, patients themselves have to pay for hepatitis B screening (US $10–25). Mycobacterium tuberculosis screening and monitoring are bundled with TNF-α treatment in Taiwan; covered by the government in Japan; and paid for by patients in South Korea (10% copayment), China, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, and India (US $50–260). Thiopurine S-methyltransferase (TPMT) genotyping/activity and thiopurine metabolite assays are only available in India and cost about US $100. Vaccination programs are free for registered IBD patients in Taiwan, as well as in China and Hong Kong. In other countries, patients have to pay for vaccination (Table 5).

6. Possible Impact

The above results are in line with the previous reports stating that the cost is mostly related to medical expenses, especially biologics. We hypothesized that the percentages of IBD patients taking biologics would be different between countries with a high and those with a low public health coverage. Indeed, we found that the percentage of CD patients treated with biologics was as high as 30%–40% in Japan, where the government covers all expenses for IBD patients. The percentage maybe as low as 1% for CD patients in India, where most of the patients have to pay for the biologics themselves (Table 6).

As reports on mortality results are available only from Japan and Taiwan, and biologics only became available for clinical use in Taiwan in 2008, it might be too early to draw any conclusion about public health insurance–related mortality in IBD patients in these Asian countries.

DISCUSSION

From this survey, we found that there were differences in the public health insurance systems among Asian countries. This probably affected the proportion of patients who need to be treated with more expensive medications such as the biologics. Japan and India are the two extremes for this situation. The percentage of IBD patients taking biologics is highest in Japan, where the payment for the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of IBD is entirely covered by the government. In contrast, the percentage of IBD patients taking biologics is lowest in India, where the coverage rate by public health insurance is low and IBD patients have to pay for most of their medical expenses. As biologics have been proven to improve the clinical and mucosal status of IBD patients,7 determining whether the difference will affect the outcomes (such as operation rate, admission rate, or even mortality rate) needs a longer period of follow-up.

This report has some limitations. First, not all IBD experts in the Asian countries studied replied to the survey. Second, those who did reply were limited in number, and thus might not be representative of the true situation in each country. Third, no surgical rate, admission rate, and mortality results were available from all the countries. Therefore, this report could function as an initial report providing background information for understanding the differences in the treatment of IBD patients among countries in Asia.

In summary, this is the first report to compare the public health insurance systems in Asia, especially focusing on IBD-related diagnosis and treatment. The effect derived from the differences needs a longer period of observation to allow making a firm conclusion.

Acknowledgments

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The author would like to thanks to Dr. Tadakazu Hisamatzu, Dr. Hyun-Soo Kim, Dr. Bayasi Guleng, Dr. Siew C. Ng, Dr. Khoon Lin Ling, Dr. Ida Hilmi, Dr. Vineet Ahuja, and Dr. Chun Jen Ooi for their great input to this study.

NOTES

Financial support: None.

Conflict of interest: None.

REFERENCES

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Table 1

General Information of the Public Health Insurance in Asia

Variable	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
Public health insurance cover rate	99%	>90%	100%	>95%	92%	100%	<5%	<5%
Access to GI/CRS specialist	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer
General cost for IBD patients	Registered cases In patients: free (except some medications/examinations)	Registered cases: free	Registered cases: 10%	Free	Registered cases In patients: free (except some medications/examinations)	Co-pay: 10%–90%	Minimal pay (except expensive drugs)	Government hospital: free Private: have to pay
	Registered cases Out patients: free				Registered cases Out patients: free (except some medications/examinations)
	Non-registered cases: pay 5%–10%	Non-registered cases: pay 30%			Non-registered cases: pay 5%–10%

GI/CRS, gastroenterology/colorectal surgeon.

Table 2

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Diagnostic Tools in Asia

Diagnosis (in US dollars)	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
EGD	Free	Free	10% of US dollars 50/30	Free	Free	300	Free to minimal charge	50
Colonoscopy	Free	Free	10% of US dollars 80/50	Free	Free	750	Free to minimal charge	100
Small bowel scopet	Free except the over tube	Free	700–1,200	Co-pay	Free except the over tube		Free to minimal charge	100
Over tube	630–1,200	Free	600	130	400	1,000–2,500	Free to minimal charge	200
Anesthesia	100–500	Free	Free	Free	Free	extra	Free to minimal charge	Extra
Capsule endoscopy	1,500	Free	700	565	2,000	1,800 (public); 2,800 (private)	1000	500
CT/MRI	Free	Free	10% of 160 (CT)/600 (MRI)	Free	Free	500–1,000	Free to minimal charge	200

EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Table 3

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Treatment in Asia

Treatment (annual cost: US dollars)	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
Non-biologics
5-ASA	Free	Free	10% co-pay	Free	Free	600–1,200	1,000–1,500, free for civil servants	50
Steroid	Free	Free	10% co-pay	Free	Free	300–600	Free for civil servants, minimal charge for paying patients	10
Azathioprine	Free	Free	10% co-pay	Free	Free	600–1,200	300 USD for paying patients, free for civil servants	50
Biologics
TNF-α antibody	Approved: free Not approved: 17,000	Free	10% co-pay	15,000	Approved: free Not approved: 15,000	25,000	20,000 for paying patients, pay and claim back for civil servants	20,000–22,000

5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 4

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Monitoring Tools in Asia

Monitoring	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
CBC/CRP/ESR/Biochemistry	Free	Free	10% of 35/15	Free	Free	40–80	Free	20
Fecal calprotectin	Research only	Research only	Research only	NA	NA	40–80	Research only	60
TNF-α Ab titer; Ab to TNF-Ab	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

CBC, complete blood cell count; NA, not available; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 5

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Risk Management in Asia

Risk management (cost: US dollars)	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
Hepatitis B screen	Free	Free	100% co-pay	Free	Free	10–20	Free	25
TB Quantiferon Gold/Tuberculin skin test	Bundled to TNF-α Ab treatment	Free	10% of 15	3 (PPD)	If research free/260	50–100	100	60
TPMT genotype/Activity metabolites assay	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	100
Vaccination (for example, Influenza)	Free to registered cases	30	15; 100% co-pay	Free	Free	20	20	75

TB, tuberculosis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; PPD, purified protein derivative; TPMT, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase; NA, not available.

Table 6

Possible Impacts Derived From the Differences of Public Health Insurance in Asia

Possible impact	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
% of CD patients treated with biologics	25–30	30–40	20	<10	15.4	10–15	25–30	1 (5%–10% indicated but only 1% affordable)
% of UC patients treated with biologics	Not approved by NHI yet (<1, paid by patients)	10	2.2	<5	1.4	5	5–10	Even less
Mortality rate of IBD patients	Higher than Western Countries/ Japan	Similar to Western countries	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data
	SMR: 4.97 (3.72–6.63) for CD; 1.78 (1.46–2.17) for UC, from 1998 to 2008 in Taiwan⁸	SMR: 1.43 (0.53–3.12) for CD⁹

NHI, national health insurance; SMR, standardized mortality ratio.

Figure & Data

REFERENCES

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Differences in the public medical insurance systems for inflammatory bowel disease treatment in Asian countries

Intest Res. 2016;14(3):218-223. Published online June 27, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5217/ir.2016.14.3.218

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Differences in the public medical insurance systems for inflammatory bowel disease treatment in Asian countries

Table 1

General Information of the Public Health Insurance in Asia

Variable	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
Public health insurance cover rate	99%	>90%	100%	>95%	92%	100%	<5%	<5%
Access to GI/CRS specialist	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer	Walk in/Refer
General cost for IBD patients	Registered cases In patients: free (except some medications/examinations)	Registered cases: free	Registered cases: 10%	Free	Registered cases In patients: free (except some medications/examinations)	Co-pay: 10%–90%	Minimal pay (except expensive drugs)	Government hospital: free Private: have to pay
	Registered cases Out patients: free				Registered cases Out patients: free (except some medications/examinations)
	Non-registered cases: pay 5%–10%	Non-registered cases: pay 30%			Non-registered cases: pay 5%–10%

GI/CRS, gastroenterology/colorectal surgeon.

Table 2

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Diagnostic Tools in Asia

Diagnosis (in US dollars)	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
EGD	Free	Free	10% of US dollars 50/30	Free	Free	300	Free to minimal charge	50
Colonoscopy	Free	Free	10% of US dollars 80/50	Free	Free	750	Free to minimal charge	100
Small bowel scopet	Free except the over tube	Free	700–1,200	Co-pay	Free except the over tube		Free to minimal charge	100
Over tube	630–1,200	Free	600	130	400	1,000–2,500	Free to minimal charge	200
Anesthesia	100–500	Free	Free	Free	Free	extra	Free to minimal charge	Extra
Capsule endoscopy	1,500	Free	700	565	2,000	1,800 (public); 2,800 (private)	1000	500
CT/MRI	Free	Free	10% of 160 (CT)/600 (MRI)	Free	Free	500–1,000	Free to minimal charge	200

EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Table 3

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Treatment in Asia

Treatment (annual cost: US dollars)	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
Non-biologics
5-ASA	Free	Free	10% co-pay	Free	Free	600–1,200	1,000–1,500, free for civil servants	50
Steroid	Free	Free	10% co-pay	Free	Free	300–600	Free for civil servants, minimal charge for paying patients	10
Azathioprine	Free	Free	10% co-pay	Free	Free	600–1,200	300 USD for paying patients, free for civil servants	50
Biologics
TNF-α antibody	Approved: free Not approved: 17,000	Free	10% co-pay	15,000	Approved: free Not approved: 15,000	25,000	20,000 for paying patients, pay and claim back for civil servants	20,000–22,000

5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 4

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Monitoring Tools in Asia

Monitoring	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
CBC/CRP/ESR/Biochemistry	Free	Free	10% of 35/15	Free	Free	40–80	Free	20
Fecal calprotectin	Research only	Research only	Research only	NA	NA	40–80	Research only	60
TNF-α Ab titer; Ab to TNF-Ab	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA

CBC, complete blood cell count; NA, not available; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 5

Comparison of the Cost for IBD Risk Management in Asia

Risk management (cost: US dollars)	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
Hepatitis B screen	Free	Free	100% co-pay	Free	Free	10–20	Free	25
TB Quantiferon Gold/Tuberculin skin test	Bundled to TNF-α Ab treatment	Free	10% of 15	3 (PPD)	If research free/260	50–100	100	60
TPMT genotype/Activity metabolites assay	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	100
Vaccination (for example, Influenza)	Free to registered cases	30	15; 100% co-pay	Free	Free	20	20	75

TB, tuberculosis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; PPD, purified protein derivative; TPMT, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase; NA, not available.

Table 6

Possible Impacts Derived From the Differences of Public Health Insurance in Asia

Possible impact	Taiwan	Japan	South Korea	China	Hong Kong	Singapore	Malaysia	India
% of CD patients treated with biologics	25–30	30–40	20	<10	15.4	10–15	25–30	1 (5%–10% indicated but only 1% affordable)
% of UC patients treated with biologics	Not approved by NHI yet (<1, paid by patients)	10	2.2	<5	1.4	5	5–10	Even less
Mortality rate of IBD patients	Higher than Western Countries/ Japan	Similar to Western countries	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data	No data
	SMR: 4.97 (3.72–6.63) for CD; 1.78 (1.46–2.17) for UC, from 1998 to 2008 in Taiwan⁸	SMR: 1.43 (0.53–3.12) for CD⁹

NHI, national health insurance; SMR, standardized mortality ratio.

Table 1 General Information of the Public Health Insurance in Asia

GI/CRS, gastroenterology/colorectal surgeon.

Table 2 Comparison of the Cost for IBD Diagnostic Tools in Asia

EGD, esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Table 3 Comparison of the Cost for IBD Treatment in Asia

5-ASA, 5-aminosalicylic acid; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 4 Comparison of the Cost for IBD Monitoring Tools in Asia

CBC, complete blood cell count; NA, not available; TNF, tumor necrosis factor.

Table 5 Comparison of the Cost for IBD Risk Management in Asia

TB, tuberculosis; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; PPD, purified protein derivative; TPMT, Thiopurine S-methyltransferase; NA, not available.

Table 6 Possible Impacts Derived From the Differences of Public Health Insurance in Asia